چکیده:
Most developing countries try to "reduce production costs" to be able to increase their exports to the competitive international markets. The process of economic globalization has winners and losers. Surging international trade has lowered the share of Iran's labour-intensive exports, especially Persian Carpets, in international markets; as the production costs of its rival countries are lower. The findings of this research and the results of the survey which was conducted in Kashan show that rise in international trade has reduced Iran's competitiveness in labour intensive exports and the increased the share of resource based exports. As, harsh international competition in conquering hand-woven carpet markets has reduced real wages of carpet-weavers and has restructured the labour force of the carpet industry in Iran. The middle income families, who were involved in carpet-weaving for long time, have left the industry and Afghan immigrant workers increasingly substitute Iranian middle class weavers. The estimated econometric model also indicates that by increasing real income, many workers leave low-paid carpet weaving jobs. So, Iran's share in international hand-woven carpet markets would be lower, if low-paid women and Afghan workers were not concentrated in Iran's hand-woven carpet industry.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"Poorest women workers in developing countries, in general, tolerate the heavy burden of harsh international competition by accepting low wages, bear a double workload of productive and reproductive activities, and do not experience a change in the sexual division of labour in household tasks; especially in home-based paid-work.
To escape the Iranian government controls of carpet exports, some exporters started to arrange carpet weaving workshops in Pakistan and India that wages were much lower and carpet exports were encouraged and there was not political tension with major carpet importing countries 1 , so helped to increase the share of Iran's competitors in the international carpet markets.
In addition to decline in export of hand woven carpets, increase in education level of girls, reduced the number and proportion of women carpet weavers, especially among unpaid family workers in textile sector (Table 4).
9 4 20 4 0 0 5 + 100 68 100 20 100 48 Total Source: Extracted from completed questionnaire Beside carpet weaving, Afghan children, especially boys, are active in different kind of relatively difficult and low-paid jobs in agriculture, construction and services sectors 1 in Kashan urban and its rural areas.
As Table 9 indicates weaving wages are too low to cover whole costs of living of most Iranian carpet-weavers' households, yet can be important part of total income revenue, if the head of household is unemployed or has left the family."