چکیده:
This qualitative study investigates the uses of be in Contemporary English. Based on this study, one easy claim and one more difficult claim are proposed. The easy claim is that the traditional distinction between be as a lexical verb and be as an auxiliary is faulty. In particular, 'copular-be', traditionally considered to be a lexical verb, is in fact a prototypical auxiliary. The harder claim is that there is a syntactic distinction between lexical-be and auxiliary-be, but that distinction does not coincide with the copular vs. non-copular usages. Rather, the syntactic distinction between lexical and auxiliary be has an entirely different, semantic motivation based on stativity vs. activity. In the process of providing evidence for these claims, the paper challenges a major assumption of traditional grammar – namely that every English sentence requires a lexical verb. This assumption is replaced by the notion that every English sentence requires Inflection. The proposals in this paper bridge the gap between theoretical and applied linguistics and have the potential to simplify significantly the conceptualization, teaching and learning of English grammar.Following Swales’s (1981) works on genre analysis, studies on different sections of Research Articles (RAs) in various languages and fields abound; however, only scant attention has been directed toward abstracts written in Persian, and in the field of literature. Moreover, claims made by Lores (2004) regarding the correspondence of two types of abstracts with different models, and by Martin (2004) concerning the influence of sociocultural factors on the way writers write needed evaluation. To fill this gap, 90 English and Persian abstracts written in the field of literature, by English and Persian native speakers, were analyzed based on the IMRD (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion) and CARS (Create A Research Space) models. The results demonstrated that literature RA writers generally focus on Introduction and Results, neglect Method and Discussion, and do not mention the niche in previous related work; secondly, although none of the models were efficient, literature abstracts generally matched CARS more than IMRD; and thirdly, abstracts written by Persian native speakers had minor deviations from both the Persian and the international norms, and exhibited a standard of their own. The present study also discusses steps which the models fail to predict. In addition, it offers a number of pedagogical implications for TEFL, especially for the writing skill.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"2013) Abstract Keywords: Introduction Standard approaches to English grammar usually identify two 'be verbs' – one a lexical or copular verb and the other an auxiliary (see Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p.
Finally, one could interpret the requirement that a pro-form be left in situ when the complement of progressive be is extracted as simply the result of the fact that English possesses no wh- word that corresponds to a present participle verb form.
Second, the special forms traditionally termed present and past participles that follow be in progressive aspect and passive voice constructions are deverbal in that they have lost most of their syntactic properties of verbs; in particular, they cannot be inflected.
7 Similarly, in (44) two quite distinct meanings are expressed, both of which depend on the semantic properties of the complements, rather than on any syntactic category difference among the forms of be – the present participle form of a verb expresses an ongoing activity, while a past participle refers to a resultant state.
Another consequence of calling copular be a lexical verb is that it renders the basic clause structure of English mystifying to many SLLs. My contention and my experience as a TESOL and EFL teacher is that the assertion given in (40) (repeated and slightly modified here for convenience) goes a long way in helping students conceptualize and internalize basic English clause structure: (65) Every clause in English must have one expression of tense, aspect and/or mode Inflection."