چکیده:
آسیب پذیری یکی از مفاهیم اساسی در رویکرد معیشت پایدار است که بر اساس وجود زمینههای آسیبرسان (تکانه ها، روند ها و فصلی بودن) به دنبال کاهش فقر در جامعه روستایی است. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر، شناسایی وضعیت آسیبپذیری خانوارهای روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان دنا بوده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق 2500 سرپرست خانوارهای روستایی ساکن در 38 روستا بودند که بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان، 300 خانوار از طریق نمونهگیری تصادفی خوشهای انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمعآوری دادهها در این پژوهش، پرسشنامه ساختارمند و محقق ساخته بود. روایی ابزار تحقیق با استفاده از پانل متخصصان تایید شد. همچنین پایایی ابزار تحقیق با انجام پیشآزمون در خارج از منطقه مورد مطالعه و محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (903/0-914/0) مورد تایید قرار گرفت. در تحلیل یافتهها از فاصله انحراف معیار از میانگین بهره گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد به طور کلی آسیبپذیری بیش از 40 درصد پاسخگویان در حد متوسط، آسیبپذیری حدود 25 درصد پاسخگویان در حد زیاد، آسیبپذیری حدود 15 درصد پاسخگویان در حد بسیار زیاد و در نهایت آسیبپذیری حدود 10 درصد پاسخگویان در حد بسیار کم بوده است. به منظور کاهش آسیبپذیری خانوارهای روستایی، تعیین قیمت تضمینی برای محصولات کشاورزی توسط سازمان جهاد کشاورزی و نیز تدوین الگوی کشت در منطقه توسط کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی پیشنهاد میگردد.
واژههای کلیدی:
Sustainable livelihoods approach as one of the new sustainable rural development approaches is one way of thinking and attempting to achieve development which arose in the late 1980s with the aim of progress and poverty alleviation in rural communities (Sojasi Ghidari et al.,2016).
Five critical concepts to understand sustainable livelihoods framework include the concept of vulnerability, livelihood assets, transforming structures and processes, livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes (Motiee Langroodi et al,2012). According to the sustainable livelihoods framework, vulnerability is one of the fundamental concepts based on the vulnerability context (Forouzani et al.,2017). The vulnerability context forms the people's external environment. It comprises shocks (such as human, livestock or crop health shocks; natural hazards, like floods or earthquakes; economic shocks; conflicts in form of national or international wars) trends (such as demographic trends; resource trends; trends in governance), and seasonality (such as seasonality of prices, products or employment opportunities) and represents the part of the framework that is outside stakeholders control (Kollmair and Gamper, .(2002
Various research explored the factors influencing vulnerability and its dimensions and less research investigated to assess the vulnerability of rural households. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate rural household's vulnerability in the Central District of Dena County. Accordingly, this research is to answer the following questions:What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to shocks?
What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to trends?
What is the status of rural household's vulnerability to seasonality?
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and non-experimental survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of 2500 rural households in the Central District of Dena County, which according to Krejcie and Morgan table 300 households were selected using cluster random sampling.
The research tool for data collection was a structured and research-made questionnaire. Face validity was used in order to determine the validity of the questionnaire and the face validity of the research tool was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pre-test study was carried out in order to determine the reliability of the various sections of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was calculated and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed.
Vulnerability was measured using 20 questions and in three sections including shocks (8 items), trends (6 items) and seasonality (6 items) with a three-point Likert scale (low, medium and high) and SPSS software was used to analyze data.
The results of calculated vulnerability showed that the rural households had the most vulnerability to shocks including "causing damage to crops due to frost", "causing damage to crops due to drought" and "plant pests and diseases". In contrast, rural households had the lowest vulnerability to shocks including "family fights and ethnic conflict", "animal disease" and "illness of family members".
The respondents had the most vulnerability to the trends including "the rise in food prices and other life necessities" and "the rise in the price of energy carriers such as diesel, gasoline, etc.". In contrast, the respondents had the least vulnerability in trends including "gradual air pollution" and "increase in household's population".
The respondents had the most vulnerability to the seasonality including "lack of funds and capital in low working seasons" and "fluctuations in the prices of agricultural products". In contrast, the respondents had the least vulnerability to seasonality including "the impossibility of growing crops in different seasons" and "decrease and increase in the amount of agricultural production in different seasons".
The results showed that generally respondents vulnerability to shocks, trends and seasonality and the total vulnerability was at a medium level for the majority of the respondents (over 40%), at a high level for about 25 percent of the respondents, at a very high level for about 15 percent of the respondents and at a very low level for only about 10 percent of the respondents. Therefore, it could be concluded that more than half of the respondent's vulnerabilities was at a low and medium level.
Furthermore, in two groups with low and medium vulnerability, the average vulnerability to shocks, trends and seasonality are almost the same, whereas in two groups with high and very high vulnerability, the most vulnerability referred to seasonality, trends and shocks, respectively.
According to the research findings, the following suggestions are offered in order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households.
In order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households to shocks including "causing damage to crops due to frost", "causing damage to crops due to drought" and "plant pests and diseases", it is suggested that educational courses are held by the relevant organizations such as Agriculture Jihad in order to get familiar with ways to deal with damages caused by frost, drought and plant pests and disease. In addition, the use of heating system before the frost, the use of drought resistant varieties, the use of such techniques as land fallowing in order to reduce the need for water, the use of integrated pests management are offered as well in order to reduce the vulnerability of rural households.
Considering that the respondents had the most vulnerability to the trends including "the rise in food prices and other life necessities" and "the rise in the price of energy carriers such as diesel, gasoline, etc.", the rise in food prices as well as energy carriers in rural areas should be cautiously.
Founding loan fund in order to give loan and credit to households in low working seasons as well as determining a guaranteed price for agricultural products by the relevant authorities to reduce the volatility of agricultural prices are recommended.
خلاصه ماشینی:
نتایج طبقه بندی پاسخگویان بر اساس میزان آسیب پذیری نسبت به روندها در جدول ٥ نشان میدهد میانگین آسیب - پذیری پاسخگویان نسبت به روندها ٠/١٨ با انحراف معیار ٠/٢٦ (با کمینه ٠/٥٠- و بیشینه ١/٠٠) بوده است که با توجه به میانگین بدست آمده ، آسیب پذیری پاسخگویان نسبت به روندها بیشتر از حد متوسط است که دلیل آن می تواند بعلت وجود روندهایی از قبیل افزایش قیمت مواد غذایی و سایر مایحتاج زندگی، افزایش قیمت حامل های انرژی از قبیل گازوییل ، بنزین و کم شدن منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی در منطقه باشد.
جدول ٧: دسته بندی روستاها بر اساس میزان آسیب پذیری سطوح تعداد روستا نام روستاها آسیب پذیری متوسط 8 علی آباد کوخدان ، سرمور، گندی خوری سفلی، سرتنگ توتنده ، گورگنجو، احمدآباد گورگنجو، نده گندی خوری، کره کرمی آسیب پذیری زیاد 12 کریک ، دارشاهی، اقبال آباد سی سخت ، کوخدان ، بیاره ، حسن آباد کریک ، تل گاه ، امیرآباد سی سخت ، دهنو، معصوم آباد و علی آباد کریک ، توتنده ، سرآسیاب کره نتیجه گیری تحقیق حاضر به بررسی و شناسایی وضعیت آسیب پذیری خانوارهای روستایی بخش مرکزی شهرستان دنا پرداخته است .
با توجه به یافته های پژوهش به منظور کاهش آسیب پذیری خانوارهای روستایی پیشنهادات زیر ارائه میگردد: از آنجا که نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین آسیب پذیری خانوارهای روستایی در مورد تکانه های "خسارت به محصولات بر اثر سرمازدگی"، "خسارت به محصولات بر اثر خشکسالی" و "آفات و بیماری گیاهان " بوده است ، پیشنهاد میشود که از طرف سازمان های زیربط مانند جهاد کشاورزی دوره های آموزشی به منظور آشنایی با روش های مقابله با خسارات ناشی از سرمازدگی، خشکسالی و همچنین آفات و بیماری گیاهان در منطقه برگزار شود.