خلاصه ماشینی:
C. , the Roman administrators of Asia Occidentalis divided the Arabian peninsula into three realms: Arabia Petraea (Rocky Arabia), which stretched from Greater Syria to the Gulf of Ayala (Aqaba), and whose capital in Petra (the Rock) was carved out by the Nabateans from sandstone on the slopes of Ain Musa; Arabia Deserta ( desert Arabia) with Bostra (Busra) as the commercial capital in Hawran; and Arabia Felix (happy Arabia) or Yemen with the capital city of Mariaba (Ma'rib).
These cults, which Romanized Christian church- -- - es of the East -and West, - influenced profoundlythe pagan religion of Arabs long before the advent of Islam.
The Roman Christian and pagan texts can be used to illustrate the religious transformation of the peripheral "third world" of ancient Arabia into the pivotal region of the "deRomanization" of Jesus's faith, where the message of Islam conclusively crushed the power of Imperial Rome.
In the late fourth century, several Mesopotamian towns attracted the Christian, Nazarean, and Jewish refugees from Palestine who had fled persecution during the reign of Emperor Hadrian.
The Jews, Judeo-Christian Ebionites, and the Nazarean survivors of the Roman fury fled into Mesopotamia, Syria, Arabia Desertae ( the Khaybar settlement near Yathrib-later to be Madinah), and Arabia Felix (Yemen).
The "desert" Christian communes rejected the Pauline teachings as an error and called St. Paul an apostate of the Law. 40 In 1960, the Jewish medievalist Schlomo Pines penetrated a rare collection of Arabic manuscripts in the old Osmanli library at Istanbul (made inaccessible to Muslims by the Kemalist regime until the end of the 1980s).