خلاصه ماشینی:
I will discuss and elaborate Ibn Khaldun's major ideas about historical and social change and compare them with three important figures of modern Western sociology and philosophy.
The assumption of a "designed rational process" leads Hegel to suppose the most important question to bring to the study of history: What is the ultimate design of the world?10 The regular and continuous transformation of the organism provided Enlightenment as well as Romantic thinkers with evidence of reason at work in nature.
Marx ground- ed the process of historical change within the context of the material con- dition of a society, while for Ibn Khaldun material forces play an impor- tant role but are not the only factors.
Some readings of Marx suggest that history is a movement from primitive communism through slavery, feu- dalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally communism-a sort of teleo- logical progress determined by material forces-but for Ibn Khaldun there is no ultimate telos or end stages in history.
"20 Ibn Khaldun made it clear that their social organization and cooperation for the needs of life and civilization, such as food, shelter, and warmth, do not take them beyond the bare subsistence level because of their inability to provide for anything beyond those things.
Ibn Khaldun, Hegel, Marx, and Durkheim all believe in various stages in the historical process.
For Ibn Khaldun, asabiyah is an associative sentiment: unity of purpose and community of social, political, and economic interests.
Ibn Khaldun believes that asabiyah is the major force behind all social change.