خلاصة:
Objectives: The current study mainly aimed at studying the effect of Knowledge of Result
(KR) feedback timing and result-estimation opportunity before receiving delayed KR on
learning a new speech motor skill in monolingual healthy adults.
Methods: Thirty-nine Persian healthy adults were randomly divided into three groups. Each
group received immediate KR, delayed KR (after eight seconds), or delayed KR (after eight
seconds) with self-estimation of the result in the delay interval. All three groups received verbal
KR feedback. Participants were trained to produce a French phoneme (/ɪn/) in the context of
words in four training sessions. The correct production of the target phoneme was judged by a
bilingual Persian-French examiner holding an academic degree in French language teaching.
Later, a transfer test and two retention tests were administered. The two retention tests were
administered one day and two weeks after the last training session respectively.
Results: The effect of feedback timing on motor performance and motor learning was
examined by repeated-measures ANOVA. Performance in both acquisition and retention
phases was significantly different between groups (P=0.04 for both phases). One-way ANOVA
was used to investigate the transfer of learning (P=0.001). Tukey test results indicated that the
groups 1 and 2 were different in both acquisition and retention phases and all three groups were
different in transfer test.
Discussion: The results showed that the immediate KR is beneficial for the acquisition phase,
and delayed KR is more beneficial for the retention and transfer tests compared with immediate
KR.
ملخص الجهاز:
Research Paper: The Effect of Knowledge of Result Feedback Timing on Speech Motor Learning in Healthy Adults Fatemeh Karimi1 /, Majid Soltani1* /, Mohammad Jafar Shaterzadeh Yazdi1 /, Negin Moradi1 /, Saman Shariari2 /, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi3 / 1.
The Effect of Knowledge of Result Feedback Timing on Speech Motor Learning in Healthy Adults.
Studies on the effects of feedback timing on limb mo-tor learning revealed that immediate feedback results in high rate of motor skill acquisition, but delayed feedback causes better results in the retention and the transfer tests; therefore, the degradation of performance from the acquisition phase to the retention phase are less.
performed the first study to investigate the effect of feedback timing on speech motor learning.
Based on the review of the literature, no study thus far reported the ef-fect of self-estimation on speech motor learning before receiving feedback.
Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of KR timing and self-estimation on learning a new speech motor skill be-fore receiving KR in healthy adults.
Discussion The main purpose of the current study was to deter-mine the effect of the KR timing on acquisition, reten-tion, and transfer of speech motor learning in healthy adults; moreover, the effect of estimating the result be-fore receiving KR feedback was investigated in other phases of the study.
Thus, results of the present study indicated that although immediate feedback may increase the acquisition rate, delayed feedback is more beneficial for sustain ability and transfer of learning and causes less degradation of performance over time.