خلاصة:
This article examines the developments of the constitution of Finland and the approval of its new text in the year 2000. But why have we chosen Finland for a legal review? Usually, our legal researchers focus more on the legal systems of France, America, England, etc., whereas, in addition to the aforementioned models, one can benefit from and learn lessons from the experiences of the Scandinavian legal system with features such as the principle of rule of law, support for social rights, proportional electoral systems, the formation of coalition governments, etc. It is worth mentioning that the fundamental legal system of Finland is not dissimilar to ours. In both countries, the president is elected by the people through a direct election (republican and non-hereditary system). The executive branch has political responsibility to the parliament (parliamentary system). However, the powers of the President of Finland are less than those of their Iranian counterpart; the Finnish constitution has delegated them to the Prime Minister of the country. For this reason, unlike the President of Iran, the President of Finland is not accountable to the parliament. In both countries, similar to France, public and administrative trials are separated, and for this purpose, dual judicial authorities have been established (dual justice system). Despite these similarities, as we will see, the Finnish constitution possesses specific legal principles and institutions influenced by the values, traditions, and customs prevailing in this country, the centuries-long dominance of Sweden and Russia over this land, the country's location among Scandinavian countries, and its membership in the European Union.
ملخص الجهاز:
Table of Contents 1-History 2-The Form of Government Act passed in 1919 and the revisions of the 1920s 3-The New Constitution 4-Bilingual Finland 5-The commonly referred to dual parliamentary system 6-The Legislative Assembly 7-The position of the President before the 1999 revision 8-Powers of the President based on the new Constitution 9-The Council of Ministers 10-The constitutional legal system based on the rule of law 11-Respect for public freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution and the procedure of exceptional laws 12-A highly supervisory system 13-The right of parliamentary supervision 14-Supervisory powers of the Head of State, the Council of Ministers, and other non-judicial supervisory bodies 15-Judicial officials 16-Conclusion 1-History Prior to 1917, the history of Finland's constitutional law is closely linked to the country's dependence on other states.
Two ordinary laws that were essentially fundamental were approved by the Parliament during the following years, which are: the law passed in 1922 regarding the right of the Parliament to review the legality of the resolutions of the members of the Council of Ministers, the Chancellor of Justice (le chancelier de justice)3 and (from 1990) the Parliamentary Ombudsman4; and another law passed in 1922 regarding a High Court "la Haute Cour" 5, which is responsible for addressing errors committed in the performance of duties by ministers, the highest judges, and two officers monitoring legality (3)-regarding this authority, see p.
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