ملخص الجهاز:
On the other hand, if we have· to agree with Henri Pirenne, Provence had remained cut off from European culture for several centuries, 1 before the appearance of the tradition there.
3 What concerns us, is, that right from the middle of the seventh century to the end of the eleventh century, when Provencal poetry made its sudden appearance, and after, there was a courtly tradition in the near East which influenced life and literature alike.
Much work has already been done to trace the origin of courtly love poetry of the troubadours to Arabic sources.
4 As we have seen, many orientalists have traced the growth of Provencal courtly love poetry to the Arabic poetry of Spain.
1 Still, it was not in Spain but in Provence that the fully developed courtly tradition emerged to influence Europe.
735 Yussef ibn Abd-er-Rahman, the Arab Governor of Narbonne captured Aries with the help of Mauronte, 3 the Ouke of Marseilles and Provence.
raided Marseilles, 2 The second phase of Arab incursions in Provence began.
The Arabs raided the Provencal coast.
· Merely a centuries-old contact with an invading and ravaging foreign race is not enough to give a country a civilization, such as the courtly civilizationof Provence There were, as a matter of fact, Barbarian raids all over Europe.
So culturally Provence had already accepted the courtly civilization when the impetus of song came from Spain where as Ribera8 and others have shown, the poetry was deeply influenced by the example of Arabic..