چکیده:
ﻫﻨﺮ- ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﻱ ﭼﻮﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ)٣٤٣١- ٩٠٢١ ( ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻳﻨﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ، ﺭﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ. ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ، ﺩﺭ »ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ« ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﮐﺎﺥ ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ، ﮐﺎﺥ ﻧﻴﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ، ﺑﺎﻍ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﻪ(، ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﻳﻢ. ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ- ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩﻱ )ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ( ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ( ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸــﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ، ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ، ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺮﮐﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﭘ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﺟﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﺒﮏ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ.
The art of cutting curved pieces of wood، Qavarebori، is an old subdivision of carpentry industry regarding decorative arts. This art is outstanding in the Qajar era buildings with its magnificent and splendid manner. This is one of the most significant architectural decorative items of this period، worked mainly on windows and doors in a variety of designs and natural wood colors. In this article، the researcher،through a visual aesthetic approach، tries to investigate certain artistic features of the semi-circular upper portions of doors decorated by Qavarebori in the royal buildings of the Qajar period in Tehran: the Golestan Palace، the Niavaran Palace، the Ferdows Garden and the Masoudieh Mansion Complex. This research follows the descriptive-analytical method. The data here are collected from library sources and field research، including gathering the images of Qavarebori samples in the mentioned buildings and analyzing them in a linear manner. Most of the sun-like structures consist of semi-circular portions with radial segments and geometric shapes، vegetal or integrated designs. Certain designs in the semi-circular parts include oval structures with parallel reproduction axis، detailed or simple vegetal designs. Studying these features would contribute to the aesthetics of Qavarebori in the Qajar era which leads to a closer description of the sun-like style of windows and doors in that era.