چکیده:
در عصر حاضر، گردشگری بیش از هر چیز نوعی مصرف محیط زیست تلقی میشود. با توجه به ایـن کـه بخش قابل توجه ای از این مصرف توسط گردشگران صورت می گیرد، میتوان گفت که گردشگران نقش حـائز اهمیتی در توسعه ی گردشگری پایدار و یا نابودی آن دارند. هدف از این تحقیق ، بررسی جامعه شناختی رفتار گردشگران نسبت به محیط زیست در پارک جنگلی نور میباشد. چارچوب نظری تحقیـق را مـدل چندگانـه : مدل انگیزه ، توانایی، فرصت و مدل رفتار محیط زیستی شکل داده است . تحقیـق حاضـر بـا اسـتفاده از روش پیمایش انجام شده و جامعه ی آماری آن را کلیه گردشگرانی را تشکیل میدهند که در مرداد سـال ١٣٩٣ از پارک جنگلی نور بازدید کردند. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از فرمول کوکران استفاده شده و با اسـتفاده از روش نمونه گیری در دسترس ، تعداد ٣٠٠ پرسشنامه توسط گردشگران تکمیل گردید. داده های جمع آوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS پردازش و با استفاده از آماره های توصیفی و تحلیلی مورد تجزیـه و تحلیـل قرار گرفت . یافته ها نشان داد که بین سـن گردشـگران ، محـل سـکونت و رفتارهـای محـیط زیسـتی رابطـه معناداری وجود ندارد. در مقابل ، یافته های تحقیق نشان داد که بین جنسیت و سطح تحصـیلات و رفتارهـای محیط زیستی رابطه مثبت وجود دارد. هم چنین یافته هـا نشـان داد کـه در بـین رفتارهـای محـیط زیسـتی گردشگران و متغیرهای مستقل (فشارهای هنجاری، فرصت ، دانـش محـیط زیسـتی، ارزش زیسـت محیطـی، پارادایم نوین بوم شناختی، توانایی، انگیزه ) رابطه معناداری وجود دارد.
Extended Abstract:Introducation Sociologically¡ in a modern world¡ tourism seems a kind of consumption of environment. Obviously¡ a considerable part of this consumption is performed by tourists. Hence¡ tourists play important roles in the process of either development of sustainable tourism and or destruction of it. The tourism is a growing phenomenon and yet having positive and negative environmental effects on tourist areas. To reduce of negative effects of tourism¡ it is necessary to study environmental behaviors and its influencing fctors. Toursists are one of the main groups whose behavior may affect on the environment. Since uncontrolled extension of tourism industry may lead to harm the environment¡ it is execpted that local tourists to have environmental freinedly behavior which can prevent the occurrence of enironmnetal poblems. To study tourists behavior toward the environments (e.g¡ local park) will provide proper information for the policy makers to proptect the natural park. The purpose of this research is sociological analyzing of tourists behavior in the Forest Park of the Nour city¡ Mazandaran. The theoretical framework of this survey is based on multiple models (motivation¡ ability and opportunity model and environmental behavior model).
Materials And Methods
To conduct this research¡ a survey method was used and its target group was composed of people who were visiting the paperk as tourists. The sample of the study was selected by applying convenience sampling method. In the primary stage¡ analyzing of the sample data comfirmed the validity and reliability of questions whereas the reliability coefficient was more than 0/72. Having collected the required data by utilizing questionnaire technich¡ all data were processed by using SPSS software and analyzed by applying descriptive as well as inferential statistics.
Discussion and
Results
The results of the survey showed that there was a positive relationship between gender and environmental behavior whereas women have shown more responsible behavior than men. This result was compatible with the results the research conducted by Mehmet Oghlo (2010) an Minsa and De Mensa(2013). The reults of the study also showed that was not relationship between age and environmental behaviors. Age distribution howed that young vistors (at theeage of 15 to 30 year) have expressed more supportive haviours towars he environment compared with other old groups. The result also indicated that there was a clear relationship between education and environmental behaviors whereas tourists with ceriticate of diploma or higher education have expressed better environmental behaviors. This results is compatible with the results achieved by Clodina(2000) where he found a positive relationship between education and environmeal responsible behavior.
Another results of the research can be mentioned as the research found a significant relationship between tourists environmental attitudes and environmental behaviors. Thi result is compatible with findings of some researchers like Salehi(2010)¡ Stern(2005)¡ karimzadeh(1389)¡ Shahsaani and Abdollahi(1386). Furthermore¡ findings of this survey showed that there was significant relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental behaviors. Queen et.al(2009) salehi(1389)¡ both have reached the same results in their studies. In other words¡ the result of the current study is compatible with the results of the previous studies.
The result of the study show that there was a significant relationship between opportunity and environmental behaviors. While some researchers like Salehi et al.91391) and Emamgholi(1390) have confirmed this type of hypothesi in their experimental stdies¡ other researcher like Jafarsalehi(1392)¡ found an oppoite result. This means the results of the studies on the relationship between opportunity and environmental behavior still is inconsitence.
Finally¡ the results of Regression Model showed that environmental value was the first variables entered in the model¡ while opportunity was the last one which was entered in the model. This indicates the different roles which these two viables can play in hapig tourists behavior in the studied area.
Conclusion
The overall result of this study show that there different factors which are underpinning tourists behavior towards the environment. Even in a natural environment like forst part¡ there is no chance to introduce one factor as a determinat variable. However¡ among different surveyed factrs¡ the results show that values and new environmental attitudes are playing importnatnt roles in determining viitors behavior. Values are forming a basement for people behavior and this means that with changing people values¡ we can ecxpect visitors behavior will change towards environmnally sustainable bahviour. More importantly¡ values can play significant role to change vistors attitudes towards the environment. It means¡ when people hold enviromnetal values¡ there is very likely that they will show environmental friendly behavior. These results suggested that policy makers should focus on tourists values if they want to have their support to protect the environment. With considering vistors values and attitudes towards the nevironmnet¡ it is very hard to imagine any proper policy to get supported by toursist. Policy makers like thoese palnners who are working in municipalities can provide supportive opportunities in forest parks to reduce possible environmental problems by educating toursist through new values as Dunlpa calls new Environmnetal paradigm.
خلاصه ماشینی:
جعفر صالحی (١٣٩٢) در پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد خود مسأله «شکاف نگرش ، دانـش و رفتـار محیط زیستی گردشگران » را مورد بررسی قرار داد و با استفاده از پرسشنامه به عنوان ابزار اصلی بـه جمع آوری داده های مورد نیاز پرداخت .
علاوه بر این ، مروری بر مطالعات انجام شده نشان مـیدهـد کـه تعـداد مطالعـات علمی جهت شناخت رفتارهای محیط زیستی گردشگران بسیار اندک بوده و بـه ویـژه در ارتبـاط بـا پارک های جنگلی خلاء شناخت علمی کاملا محسوس می باشد.
در حقیقت ، برای پاسخ به این سوال که آیا بین سطح تحصیلات و رفتار محیط زیسـتی گردشـگران پارک جنگلی نور رابطه وجود دارد، از آزمون آنووا استفاده شده است .
جدول شماره ٧:ضرایب همبستگی متغیرهای مستقل با رفتارهای محیط زیستی متغیرهای مستقل متغیر وابسته (رفتارهای محیط زیستی ) شدت همبستگی سطح معناداری ارزش های محیط زیستی 0/248 0/000 نگرش محیط زیستی 0/235 0/000 فشارهای هنجاری 0/156 0/000 دانش محیط زیستی 0/152 0/000 امکانات مناسب 0/07 0/18 منبع : یافته های تحقیق حاضر نتایج آزمون آماری منـدرج در جـدول فـوق گویـای ایـن اسـت کـه رفتارهـای محـیط زیسـتی گردشگران با دانـش زیسـت محیطـی، ارزش زیسـت محیطی،نگـرش زیسـت محیطـی و فشـارهای هنجاری همبستگی مسقیم و مثبت وجود دارد.
این نتیجه ، بـا نتـایج بـه دسـت آمـده توسط سایر محققان مثل صالحی (٢٠٠٨)، استرن (٢٠٠٠)، کریم زاده (١٣٨٩) و شباهت دارد که در بررسی خود به ارتباط مثبت و معنادار بین رفتارهای محیط زیستی با نگـرش محـیط زیسـتی دسـت یافته اند.