چکیده:
The garden is essentially an extensive open space that can include various types of closed spaces within.However, in some cases, there are various types of open space combined in the garden according to defined arrangements. This poses a new form and a variation in the structure of the classical Persian Garden, which is the subject of the present investigation.
The general scheme of a Persian Garden is a wide and open space, and in the case of gardens of Birjand, garden space that is integrated with other types of smaller scale open spaces to create new combinations. These gardens are similar in structure, composed in an orderly yet simple layout and integrated with smaller open spaces. These auxiliary spaces range in scale from a small yard to an extensive area like a garden itself. They can even be the size of a bay of a mahtabi in front of the main building which overlooks the whole garden or can be the size of a stone-paved roof that looks out on its surrounding plains. These open spaces attach to the garden space in a number of ways, each with a distinct function. They include the andaruni courtyard, open courtyard, loading area, entrance yard, mahtabi, roof, soffeh, sharemi, meydancheh, jelo-khan, and orchard.
The main function of these spaces relates to the residential aspect of a garden, i.e., they either form a private andarun area, or grow larger to house different activities pertaining to residential life in a garden, and important enough to be landscaped. Moreover, other types of these spaces provide special views to the garden, contributing to the recreational aspect of a garden. In addition, there are other spaces that create hierarchy and provide the possibility of extension of the garden space, or define a zone around which buildings can be arranged, all of which relate to the geometric structure of a garden. These spaces denote a special way of life which is investigated and categorized in this paper. Examination of gardens of Birjand is the clue to further research on Persian Gardens, and essential to determining whether other not-yet-studied gardens of Iran pose the same spatial combinations.
خلاصه ماشینی:
"They all have a similar form and structure, which is a simple, enclosed area with an axis covered by pine and cypress trees, and a number of architectural elements and smaller open spaces gathered at one side of the garden (Fig. 1).
In both cases, however, the yard-open-to-the-garden delineates a distinct annexed space, while paving the way for connecting the building with the main area of the garden.
Although some efforts can be seen in the arrangement of the main garden area like highlighting the central axis and the locating of the pool, a different kind of garden arrangement (landscaping) can be observed in its andarun yard.
The impact on geometrical and spatial structure of the garden • Annexed open spaces, integrating the garden complex In most historical gardens of Birjand, the main and secondary buildings of the garden are on one side, Fig. 8.
• Annexed open spaces, intermediary in connecting garden space and architecture Although the buildings in historical gardens of Birjand are among outstanding buildings of the region, most of them have a simple, non-decorated semi-rural form, boasting significant difference with buildings of the famous Persian gardens.
Consequently, a hierarchy of open spaces including an open yard to the garden, an intermediary courtyard, and the main garden area is sequentially arranged in line with the main axis, and thus connects the simple, small building of the garden to the vast main area (Fig. 8)."