چکیده:
In this article, in order to demonstrate the pragmatic elements of Rawls’s viewpoint, the developmental path of his A Theory of Justice shall first be investigated. This development has two phases: In the first phase, justice has an ethical-philosophical basis. In A Theory of Justice, this phase is specifically shown under the title of theory of justice. In the second phase, justice has no philosophical basis, but, as Rawls says, political justice is included. The main purpose of this article is to show the path of Rawls’s theory of justice from an ethical viewpoint to a political one. Rawls, himself, points out this transition, but the main problem is how Rawls arrives at a pragmatic viewpoint. In Rawls’s time, this viewpoint was brought to life by Richard Rorty in a particular way. Rawls is not interested in this viewpoint, but these elements indicate the above-mentioned transition. These elements are pluralism, society as a fair system of cooperation, public reason, and overlapping consensus. Although these elements are implied in A Theory of Justice and have Kantian basis, in his Political Liberalism, Rawls articulates these elements and eliminates metaphysical, religious, or any kind of doctrine from principles of justice and arrives at a practical viewpoint on justice.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Although these elements are implied in A Theory of Justice and have Kantian basis, in his Political Liberalism, Rawls articulates these elements and eliminates metaphysical, religious, or any kind of doctrine from principles of justice and arrives at a practical viewpoint on justice.
In order to do so, the main structure of this article would be as follows: First, we study the first phase of Rawls’s theory of justice, which has an ethical and philosophical basis.
Rawls believes that the theory of justice as fairness offers the best ethical foundation for a democratic society.
In contrast to the utilitarian point of view, Kant and Rawls believe that ethical principles are chosen rationally and not according to benefits; therefore, justice is prior to goodness.
Before discussing these concepts, it is necessary to mention that in his Political Liberalism and Justice as Fairness, Rawls considers the differences between society, community, and association.
In A theory of Justice, Rawls emphasizes that the existence of the original position is necessary for achieving the principles of justice, whereas in his Political Liberalism and thereafter, he emphasizes on the hidden ideas in a democratic society.
Considering the fact that individuals in a society have different philosophical, ethical, and religious points of view, he emphasizes that there is no comprehensive doctrine according to which citizens would be able to agree on the fundamental problems of political justice.
As was mentioned, Rawls in the second phase of his theory of justice explains the idea of society as an order of social cooperation.