چکیده:
به دنبال افزایش گرمایش جهانی و بروز تغییر اقلیم متفکران و نظریه پردازان زیادی به دنبال یافتن راه حل های مختلف برآمدند که یکی از این راه حل ها مطرح شدن نظریه “توسعه پایدار” می باشد. این نظریه تا سا لها، بیشتر بر ضرورت های اقتصادی و محدودیت های زیست محیطی تاکید می ورزید اما در دهه اخیر با پیدایش شعار”جهانی بیندیش، محلی عمل کن” نقش آن در جنبه های محلی و بومی بیشتر شده است. از سوی دیگر هر شهر را می توان از ویژگی های محله های مسکونی آن شناخت و در صورتی که مشکلات و آسیب ها در سطح این محله ها کمتر باشد، آن شهر می تواند پاسخگوی نیازهای مختلف شهروندان خود باشد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش این است که محله های شهری در کالبد به گونه ای برنامه ریزی و هدایت شوند تا با مصرف بهینه انرژی حداقل آلودگی را تولید کرده و از این حیث بتوانند در پایداری شهرها نقش ایفا کنند که به منظور دستیابی به این هدف، معیارهایی کالبدی در جهت انطباق محله های شهری با توجه به اصول پایداری با تاکید بر اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران تدوین شده است. در این مقاله، پس از بررسی معیارهای ساختار محله های شهری پایدار، سعی در اثبات این فرضیه است که ویژگی کالبدی محله در اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران واجد اصولی است که به پایدار ساختن محله های بومی- سنتی انجامیده است. به منظور اثبات فرضیه سه محله بومی- سنتی در شهر یزد مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و از طریق توزیع پرسش نامه و روش تحلیل میزان رضایت- اهمیت معیارهای کالبدی محله پایدار در دو بخش مسکن و محله بررسی شده است. در نهایت با روش علمی- استنتاجی اثبات شده است که محله های بومی - سنتی در کالبد، از اصولی پیروی می کرده اند که به پایداری آن ها انجامیده است.
Population increase in cities, as well as a strong trend towards urbanization that have a variety of reasons, including focusing more services in cities is a phenomenon which large cities in developing countries are faced. After the energy crisis in the 70s, a new era, was established in urban development which is known as "sustainable era". In this era, full attention was paid to the environmental efficiency, and then the built environments so that they can make best use of resources available on the nature and minimize the amount of pollution generated. Until three decades ago, there was a sense of optimism that the technology will solve all problems on earth; however the technology relating to non-renewable resources has been followed by climate change through the development of a phenomenon such as global warming. Pollution, increased environmental pollutants, loss of biodiversity and the increasing growth of population have left their adverse effects on the earth. Due to the increase in global warming and climate change, thinkers and theorists have sought many different solutions, one of which is the theory of "sustainable development". For years, the theory had further emphasized the economic needs and environmental limitations, but it has played an important role in the local and indigenous aspects with the emergence of the slogan "think globally, act locally" in the past decade. On the other hand, each city can be identified by the characteristics of its residential communities, and can meet various economic, social, cultural needs of its citizens if the problems and damages are less at the community level. Community plays important role in social life balance in cities as a main element of urban space. If life quality changes in communities, it will be rapidly effect on the entire city. In early century 20, paying attention to residential communities was regarded as the main topic of new urban development theories such that these theories have been welcomed in order to deal with different urban problems (such as problems of management, social relations, hygienic issues, welfare issues and semantic and identity dimensions). Although many definitions have been presented on the concept of sustainable development at the macro level, its concept is not yet clear with certainty at the local scale, while the urban communities are significantly important, and their strengths or weaknesses can spread to the entire city for different aspects so that its performance can be affected. Following the extensive discussions on sustainable development, a particular attention was also given to the sustainable urban communities. Following the extensive discussions on sustainable development, a particular attention was also given to the sustainable urban communities. Since urban communities consume a great amount of energy, it is necessary that more attentions are paid to how to sustain these areas. What can currently be seen, are developments in the old urban contexts and their replacement by new contexts in which a large number of problems may be encountered, and then there would be more problems when a comparison is made between the new contexts and older communities. Many communities could act self-sufficiently in the past and fulfill their needs and this doesnt hold true for the current communities. Discovering characteristics of these older communities will pave the way for paying attention to them and making these spaces more efficient than ever from different perspectives. This paper has explored criteria for structure of sustainable urban communities and tried to prove the hypothesis that physical characteristics of a community in the hot and dry climate of Iran meets some principles leading to sustain traditional indigenous communities. In this research, different references have been studied in order to formulate structural criteria of urban sustainable communities and interpretive approach has been used. Firstly, by reviewing the available references, some questions were raised in the research. Considering the questions, the research hypothesis is mentioned as follows: Physical characteristic of community in hot and arid climate of Iran has the principles leading to sustainability of native traditional communities. By mentioning the hypothesis, the preset research will seek to prove it. To prove the hypothesis, three traditional indigenous communities in Yazd were studied. The physical criteria for sustainable community in both housing and community sectors were studied by distributing questionnaires using importance-satisfaction rate. Finally, the scientific-deductive method confirmed that traditional communities of Iran which were located in hot and arid climate enjoy sustainable physical criteria. Also their physical problems are fewer than the problems in which many contemporary buildings and communities are involved in. By proving the hypothesis, it is found that traditional communities have some physical principles which have directed them to higher sustainability.
خلاصه ماشینی:
جدول ٨: معیارهای پایداری کالبدی در بخش مسکن در محله شیخداد معیارهای مسکن درصد رضایت رتبه رضایت درصد اهمیت رتبه اهمیت میزان IS رتبه میزان IS تأسیسات گرمایش و سرمایش 17 12 31 1 0/2573 1 استحکام و مقاومت بنا 31 9 28 2 0/1932 2 پارکینگ 29 10 23 3 0/1633 3 بادگیر و حوض خانه 23 11 19 4 0/1463 4 تعداد و اندازه اتاق ها 37 7 19 4 0/1197 5 اندازه و مساحت واحد 36 8 18 5 0/1152 6 فضای سبز 39 6 17 6 0/1037 7 نحوه قرارگیری اتاق ها 40 5 17 6 0/1020 8 عایق حرارتی دیوار و سقف 39 6 13 7 0/0793 9 جنس نما 49 4 11 8 0/0561 10 وضعیت نور اتاق ها 62 2 10 9 0/0380 11 رنگ نما 53 3 7 11 0/0329 12 آلودگی صوتی 62 2 8 10 0/0304 13 اشراف و محرمیت 68 1 6 12 0/0192 14 با توجه به جدول ٨، در رابطه با معیار تأسیسات گرمایش و سرمایش در خانه ها احتیاج به بهبود شرایط و افزایش تأکید بر آن است و برای تصمیم گیری و مداخله باید در اولویت قرار گیرند.