چکیده:
دیدگاه طبیعت گرایانه در توضیح کامل عالم دچار مشکلاتی است. از جمله این مشکلات یافتن توضیح برای وجود آگاهی است که آن را در ارائه یک تصویر جامع از عالم ناکام گذاشته است. توماس نیگل معتقد است داشتن یک تصویر کامل از جهان، علاوه بر دیدگاه بیرونی که زنجیره علتهای مادی را در تاریخ نشان میدهد، نیاز به دیدگاهی درونی است که توضیح مسائلی مانند شکلگیری آگاهی و حیات در ارگانیسمها را نشان دهد. به این ترتیب نیگل معتقد است به منظور دستیابی به توضیح کامل میتوان به وجود نوعی غایت انگاری ارسطویی در قوانین حاکم بر ماده قایل بود. در این مقاله ضمن توضیح غایت انگاری ارسطو و نظرات نیگل نشان داده میشود که دیدگاه ارسطو نیگل را به هدفش نمی رساند. در پایان نتیجه گیری میشود که با برگرفتن غایتانگاری ابن سیناست که میتوان به هدف نیگل نزدیکتر شد و از مشکلات توضیحی پدیده آگاهی کاست.
Introduction: In The Mind and Cosmos, Thomas Nigel argues that
naturalism has failed to provide a complete explanation of the
universe. Main of Nigel's objections to naturalism are the issues that
arise in explaining the mind through a naturalistic view. Naturalism
has so far failed to provide a complete explanation that includes
mental phenomena, especially the quality of consciousness. Nigel's
proposition is that a more complete explanation of existence of all
aspects such as consciousness can be given by taking a metaphysical
view, similar to that which existed in Aristotle's teleology. In this
article, it will be said that Aristotle's theory is not enough to solve this
and the problem can be solved by taking Avicenna's teleology.
Method of Study: Nigel opposes the extremist view of explaining
the universe as such a naturalist do. In The Mind and the Cosmos,
Nigel presents his critique of naturalism from the point of view of
mind-related issues, including consciousness, values, and cognition.
The reason for the inability of naturalism to provide a complete
explanation of the universe from Nigel's point of view is that it uses
tools designed for quantitative measurements; when something like
consciousness has a qualitative nature. Nigel's argument for the flaws
of naturalism is as follows: 1- theory of naturalism necessarily needs
to provide a comprehensive physical explanation of all the phenomena
in the universe. 2- Consciousness is one of the phenomena of the
universe. 3- Consciousness is a phenomenon that can’t be explained in
the physical sciences. 4- Therefore, the theory of naturalism is not
complete.
Contrary to what naturalists think, complete explanation of
universe must have order in matter from the beginning. Perhaps, Nigel
thinks, in explaining consciousness as a part of universe, one can rely
on ideas such as Aristotelian teleology which is related to the basic
elements of the universe. Therefore, the end of the formation of the
conscious man has been within matter from the beginning.
Findings: According to Aristotle, the end in natural affairs is
something that has existed in an organism from the beginning. The
apple tree has an end that is eternal. Such a view is inconsistent with
the theory of evolution, which is of interest to scientists and Nigel. An
important idea that Avicenna points out is that motion is raised in
physics, and if we go to causality in metaphysics, go to existence. In
the discussion of metaphysics, it is not like the physics of motion and
change, but it means what exists or does not exist. The difference
between the actual and the ultimate cause is a tool we can use to have
complete explanation of the universe.
Conclusion: According to Aristotle, teleology is something that
entered ontology because of its epistemological need, and therefore
entered metaphysics from nature. But in his philosophical system,
Avicenna discusses the end from a theological and metaphysical point
of view and from there to physics. Therefore, with Avicenna's
argument and his metaphysical approach, one can explain the
emergence of consciousness in matter. He can believe on natural
causes and evolution and hold teleological cause to explain the
creation of consciousness from the ordered matter at the same time. In
other words, the end intended in Avicenna's view can sum up with the
natural history of the formation of species.