چکیده:
This article emphasizes that the emergence of democracy - in the sense of political competition - in many countries of the South, along with a favorable international environment, has been dependent on several factors such as will from above (government readiness) and the power of civil society institutions (pressure from below) - while being influenced by the interests of the new middle classes to the top. Therefore, it can analyze the political developments of India and South Korea based on the aforementioned rule. In Korea - in the late 1980s - as a result of pressure from civil society institutions and industrial and middle classes, the power elite (with the support of the pro-industrial capitalist middle faction) was forced to accept the risk of competitive politics. The case of India shows that in the formation of democracy, the Congress party - as a bourgeois nationalist party and defender of democratic values and independence of the country in the years before 1947 - and its elected government - after 1947 - despite unfavorable socio-economic conditions, have played an important role.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Abstract: This article emphasizes that the emergence of democracy – in the sense of political competition – in many countries of the South, along with a favorable international environment, has been dependent on several factors such as the will from above (government readiness) and the power of civil society institutions (pressure from below) – while being influenced by the interests of the new middle classes and above.
The case of India shows that in the formation of democracy, the Congress Party – as a bourgeois nationalist party and defender of democratic values and the country's independence in the years before 1947 – and its elected government – after 1947 – despite unfavorable socio-economic conditions, played an important role.
It can be said that the political development project in these two countries, despite different backgrounds and conditions, is more than anything else the result of two factors: the government and civil society institutions, which rely on the industrial bourgeoisie class or the upper and modern middle class (report hypothesis).
99-97) However, different from Huntington and avoiding a mechanistic and static interpretation, it should be said that two factors can be effective in changing a dependent cultural form 4 to a civic or participatory culture 5: A) The type of interpretation of intellectual and belief patterns B) The emergence of social and economic transformations in a country C) The International System: The role of the international factor, especially in the conditions of the new order, in establishing democratic freedoms - despite the existence of expansionist approaches of large governments - is undeniable.
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