چکیده:
The Enlightenment of the 18th century is one of the most important foundations of modern culture, and contemporary Western philosophy can be considered a dialectic and dialogue between the Enlightenment and its critical currents. Although the intellectual themes of the Enlightenment have been traced back to the late Middle Ages and even before, it was first in Kant's essay 'What is Enlightenment?' (and implicitly in his three critiques and political works) that the Enlightenment and the modern condition found their philosophical formulation. Michel Foucault, a French postmodern philosopher, published three essays on Kant's essay on Enlightenment, which indicate a kind of remarkable shift in his view of the Enlightenment: 'What is Critique?' (1978), 'Kant, the Enlightenment and Revolution' (1983), and 'What is Enlightenment?' (1984). This article attempts to explain this shift by analyzing and comparing the nature of the Enlightenment in Kant and Foucault. Foucault rejected the Enlightenment as a period with universal principles and foundations, but accepted the Enlightenment as a continuation of the critical tradition and the ontology of the present (as one of the important currents of Western philosophical tradition).
خلاصه ماشینی:
Kant, Foucault, and the Critical Tradition * Reza Davari Ardakani - Malek Shojaei Jushaghani Professor of Philosophy, University of Tehran - PhD Student in Contemporary Philosophy, University of Tehran (Article Received: 2013/02/27; Article Accepted: 2013/03/21) Abstract The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century is one of the most important foundations of modern culture, and contemporary Western philosophy can be considered a dialectic and dialogue between the Enlightenment and its critical currents.
Although the Enlightenment is presented in Western history as a specific historical period, and its roots can be traced back to the late Christian Middle Ages and even before, it was first in Kant's philosophy – in the form of the three critiques and political essays – that the modern condition found its conceptual and philosophical formulation, and modernity of the Enlightenment became self-aware.
The starting point of this self-awareness is Kant's essay “What is Enlightenment?” which follows its historical course in German idealism and later in the works of philosophers such as Marx, Nietzsche, the Frankfurt School, and postmodern thought.
Maturity occurred in the eighteenth century, and people before this time were deprived of this reason and maturity; this is where a kind of conflict is seen between Kant’s critiques and the essay *What is Enlightenment*.
If this reason is inherent in humanity, why, before Kant – and the eighteenth century – despite the emergence of extensive philosophical systems, was the question of enlightenment not raised?
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