چکیده:
Baghdad was the center of the caliphate of the Islamic world for more than five centuries. It was conquered by the Mongols in 656 AH, so this is the most important event in the political developments of that time. The military strategies of the Mongol empire enabled them to conquer almost the entire continent of Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. They adopted useful technologies for attacking fortifications from other cultures, and employed foreign technical experts. Their military structure was very flexible, and allowed the Mongol army to attack in large groups to besiege the enemy or ambush them in order to destroy a fugitive and defeated army. Thus, the present study seeks to find out what effects the Mongol military strategies had on the downfall of Baghdad. The article adopts a historical method in analyzing and explaining the military strategies of the Mongols in the conquest of Baghdad. The findings indicate that the weak structure of the caliphate, their military organizations, and the strategies they implemented played a very important role in the fall of Baghdad after five centuries of centralization of the caliphate. The use of light military equipment and catapults, their adoption of irregular warfare, consultation, and the evaluation of public opinion were the most important factors in the success of the Mongols.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The Caliph's army and the Emir of Erbil advanced to the city of Zūr; but returned without encountering the Mongols, and the Caliph ordered the soldiers to camp outside Baghdad until the end of 630 AH to maintain caution (Ibn al-Futi, (85-83 :1351 In 631 AH, a group of Mongols attacked Erbil again and from that city went towards Mosul and engaged in killing and looting in the surrounding areas.
Consultation with the Wise and Evaluation of the Issue of the Fall of the Caliphate Following the unwise position of the Caliph of Baghdad, Hulagu, who had paid special attention to the issue of Baghdad since the day he moved towards Iran and his political, military preparations and pretexts for providing the prerequisites for the conquest of Baghdad indicated his decision in this regard, therefore, he engaged in frequent consultations and various approvals and even pretended to be afraid of the Abbasid rule, which was mainly a kind of political game to prepare the thoughts of the common people and elites on the eve of one of the greatest political, social and historical events, and finally made a firm decision to conquer Baghdad and in 656 AH the gates of Baghdad were opened to the Mongols (Rashid al-Din Fadl Allah, 1373: 1023/2-1024).
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