چکیده:
Sultan is a word that has become very common in the political literature of the Islamic world since the fourth century AH, and mostly refers to the ruler and sometimes the sultanate. However, the term Sultan has undergone many conceptual and exemplary transformations until the fourth century, and after the fall of the caliphate and the weakening of independent and semi-independent Islamic governments in the east, it has also acquired scientific and mystical connotations. In this research, using the analytical-descriptive method, the process of conceptual and exemplary transformations of Sultan in concepts such as Quranic, hadith, political, scientific, and even mystical connotations is investigated. Examining various historical examples in this research shows that the most fundamental connotation of Sultan is political, which is repeated in other connotations of this term.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Conceptual /Applicable Changes of "Sultan" 1 Abbas Ahmadvand (Received:18 January 2017, Accepted: 30 May 2017) Abstract Sultan is a word that has become very common in the political literature of the Islamic world from the fourth century AH and mostly means the ruler and sometimes the sultanate.
Despite the fact that the title Sultan became common and official during the Ghaznavid period, the word Sultan was used more to describe the person of the ruler, rather than as a governmental title, until the fourth century (Utbi, 138; Basha, 323, 324; Barthold, 20; 64, Arnold).
The Seljuks of Rum also called themselves Sultan (Ibn Bibi, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; see also: their evidence and memorials in Basha, 327); this title appears on the coins of Qilich Arslan II (reigned: 551-588 AH) and other Seljuk rulers of Rum (Tarabi Tabatabaei, 46/2-52 and 58).
During the 7th to 9th centuries AH, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt used the title of Sultan in the sense of “deputy of God on earth” and in their inscriptions, sometimes in the form of “Sultan of Islam and Muslims,” and made the use of the title Sultan at the beginning of the name of the ruler a customary practice of the diwan, although until the arrival of the Abbasid survivors in Egypt, the Mamluk rulers until the time of Saif al-Din Qutuz (reigned: 657-658 AH) were called amirs (Suyuti, 33/2, 47-48; Basha, 328, 329; 2/67, Goldziher; 95, 91, 90, Arnold).
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