چکیده:
One of the characteristics of Iran in the Qajar era was the emergence of reformist movements. Familiarity with Western societies on the one hand and the lack of political, economic and social progress on the part of the Qajars created the ground for the emergence of numerous reform efforts. Parallel to the increasing awareness of Iranians, especially a number of insightful, educated and worldly Qajar statesmen, of the weaknesses and widespread backwardness of their society, caused some of them to think about reforms. The first reform efforts from within the Qajar government took root with the efforts of Mirza Eisa and Mirza Abu al-Qasim Qaim Maqam. After them, it was the turn of Prince Abbas Mirza, the regent and commander-in-chief of Iran's forces. Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir, Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar, Malekam Khan, Amin al-Dowleh and others were subsequent reformers. Even at times, Nasser al-Din Shah himself, the powerful and strong king of the Qajars, was looking for reforms. Finally, following the creation of widespread changes in the economic structure, social conditions and, most importantly, the political relations governing Iranian society, the Constitutional Revolution took place. None of these reform efforts, including the Constitution, succeeded in bringing about the necessary changes in Qajar Iran due to various and complex reasons. Ultimately, the failure of the reforms led to the collapse of the Qajars. In this article, the fate of one of these reform efforts; led by the late Amir Kabir, has been analyzed and dissected, and an attempt has been made to investigate the causes of its failure. Among the points that have been subject to a new review in this writing is the strategy and policies of the reformist prime minister; Was his strategy free from flaws and defects?
خلاصه ماشینی:
What had happened that people before Amir Kabir, such as Qaim Maqam, Prince Abbas Mirza, the regent, and those after him, such as Haj Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar, Malekm Khan, Amin al-Dowleh, and even at times Nasser al-Din Shah himself, and finally the great Constitutional Movement, embarked on achieving reforms and transformation?
Tell me what I should do to awaken the Iranians?” (7) Unlike Amir Kabir, who had seen the Ottoman and Russian empires, it was through familiarity or close understanding of the relatively modern and quasi-European Russian army that Abbas Mirza realized the terrible backwardness of Iran.
If, regarding Abbas Mirza, the problems and needs of the war with Russia led to the emergence of reformist ideas, regarding Amir Kabir, it must be said that the problems and needs of the entire country made the necessity of carrying out reforms unavoidable for him.
Nasser al-Din Shah had not yet fully established himself as king when, to demonstrate the depth of his belief and trust in Amir Kabir and to clarify the responsibility of the ruling oligarchy and the Qajar court towards the new grand vizier, he issued the following handwritten note: “Amir Nizam, we have entrusted all affairs of Iran to you and hold you responsible for every good and bad that happens.
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