چکیده:
Agriculture was one of the main pillars of the economic structure of Iranian society during the Islamic period; therefore, the actions of governments in the field of agriculture and creating stability and security had an impact on agricultural work and its improvement. Considering the role of the political system in the agricultural life of Iranian society, examining the policies of governments and their approaches to the agricultural economy is important. The Turkic-origin Khwarazmshah dynasty (491-628 AH) succeeded in gaining power in Iran by defeating the Seljuks (429-590 AH). This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on sources, answers the question of what were the political-military causes of the transformation of land ownership and agricultural economy of the Khwarazmshahs? The findings indicate that the Khwarazmshah sultans pursued policies to strengthen agriculture until the time of Tekesh Khwarazmshah, but from the time of Tekesh and Mohammad Khwarazmshah, their macroeconomic policy was to grant agricultural lands under the title of iqta' to army commanders. This policy, due to the profiteering behavior of the iqtadars in the iqta' regions, the political competitions of the Khwarazmshah sultans over the control of various regions, and the need to employ more Turks and, consequently, granting more land to army commanders, and as a result, the contradiction and clash between the nomadic Turkish pastoral production method and the prevailing agricultural production method in the rural community of Khwarazm, led to the decline of the agricultural economy of Khwarazm in this particular period.
خلاصه ماشینی:
This policy, due to the self-seeking behavior of the iqtadars in the iqta' regions, the political competition of the Khwarazmshah sultans over the possession of various regions, and the need to employ more Turks and, consequently, granting more land to army commanders, and as a result, the contradiction and collision of the nomadic Turkish style of livestock production with the prevailing agricultural production method in the rural society of Khwarazm, led to the decline of the agricultural economy of Khwarazm in this particular period.
After a period of political turmoil, the Khwarazmshah sultans, by establishing their power, tried to improve the agricultural situation and, in numerous decrees to their subordinates on various occasions, obliged them to pay attention to the condition of farmers and the development of cultivation.
With the expansion of the Seljuk territories, issues such as lack of liquidity and weakness of the monetary economy (Sedghi, 1387: 36), devastation of provinces, disruption of affairs, and the government's inability to pay military expenses forced the Seljuk sultans to grant agricultural lands under the title of iqta' to soldiers and other individuals (Bandari Isfahani, 2536: 65).
In a letter from the amirs of Isfahan to Sultan Muhammad, they reported on the abandonment of a certain region by the people due to the actions of the muqta's (al-Mukhtarat min al-Rasa'il, 1378: 157), even the iqta'dars themselves competed to acquire more land and sometimes fought each other, which situation again harmed the farmers and, consequently, led to an agricultural recession (Ibid: 160).
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