چکیده:
The establishment of the Shia government of Nawab Awadh in northern India in the 12th century AH led to the expansion of Shia Islam in this region. Nawab Awadh, through various methods and by spending a great deal of money, promoted and encouraged Hindus to participate in Muharram rituals. As a result, Shia culture and rituals, especially the mourning rituals for Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), became part of the public culture in a large area of northern India, and gradually Sunni Muslims and Hindus also participated in these ceremonies. The participation of Hindus caused some of the Muharram rituals to be influenced by local culture and Hindu beliefs. This article examines the causes and motivations of Hindu participation in the holding of Muharram rituals and the consequences of this participation, from the establishment of the Shia government of Nawab Awadh to the British domination of this region.
خلاصه ماشینی:
As a result, Shia culture and rituals, especially the mourning rituals for Imam Hussein (AS), became part of the public culture in a vast area of northern India, and gradually Sunni Muslims and Hindus also participated in these ceremonies.
The authors believe that the participation of Hindus in the rituals and customs of Muharram in Lucknow was, on the one hand, influenced by some similarities between Shia rituals and certain Hindu customs, and on the other hand, affected by the factors and grounds created by the Nawabs of Awadh to create peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Hindus.
Hindu Participation in Muharram Rituals Muharram ceremonies in India have been held in various regions by followers of different religions such as Hindus, Sikhs, and Parsis for centuries before the Nawabs of Awadh, and Imam Hussein -peace be upon him- was respected by many Hindus in urban and rural areas.
Many groups of Hindus, including Rajputs, Brahmins 2, and Kayasthas 3, participated in the Muharram mourning rituals, among whom the Kayasthas were more influenced by Muslim culture ( ; 39, Casci 412, Malik Mohhamed; 117-116, cole).
They set up Saguana (watering places) in the streets and markets and offered sherbet and sweets to the people, and recited elegies in Hindi and Persian, and made Ta'ziyas 4 resembling sacred shrines from wood and paper, and whenever they saw the Ta'ziya during the ten days of Muharram, they worshipped and revered it according to their customs, and buried them after the end of the Ashura ceremonies in places called Karbala (Shushtari Hosseini, 66; Nouri, 43).
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