چکیده:
This article first explains and analyzes the principle of "maximizing good" and then presents Rawls' various criticisms of it. Rawls is the first philosopher who, in addition to presenting coherent and systematic criticisms of this principle, also offers a comprehensive alternative system. However, works written in this field – especially Persian works – often suffer from a very important shortcoming: the failure to distinguish between the different and sometimes parallel fronts of Rawls' attack on various forms of this principle. This article, by distinguishing Rawls' critique in sections 5 and 6 of chapter one from part one of A Theory of Justice from his critique in sections 27, 28, 29, and 30 of chapter three from part one of that work, shows that firstly, Rawls' critique of the interpretation based on "maximizing total good/utility" is different from his critique of the interpretation based on "maximizing average good/utility", and secondly, Rawls uses two different approaches to criticize this principle, one of which is independent of his positive theory (justice as fairness) and the other is dependent on it.
خلاصه ماشینی:
The Dangers of Beneficence: Explanation and Analysis of the Principle of Maximizing Good in Normative Ethics and John Rawls' Critique of It Shirzad Peik Harfeh *- Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini International University (Date of Article Submission: 26/01/92; Date of Article Acceptance: 18/03/92) Abstract This article first explains and analyzes the principle of “maximizing good” and then presents Rawls’ various critiques of it.
Rawls’ numerous digressions in A Theory of Justice and his failure to provide a tree diagram (or something similar) to categorize the different cases make it very difficult for the reader to thoroughly and comprehensively examine the various dimensions of his critique of utilitarianism and the principle of maximizing good.
In his second critique of utilitarianism (sections 27, 28, 29, and 30 in chapter three of part one), when estimating the views of the parties in the original position, he presents the principle of average good as a competing option to his “maximin” rule and rejects it.
Analysis of section “A” of the first critique algorithm: Generalizing the principle of rational choice from the individual to society According to Rawls, the main idea of classical utilitarianism is that “society will be orderly and, consequently, just when its main institutions are arranged in such a way as to lead to the greatest net sum of satisfaction of its members” (22: Ibid).
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