چکیده:
One of the important issues in the Safavid landholding system is the economic and living conditions of farmers, the dimensions of which have not been adequately studied. Therefore, it is necessary to see what are the most important factors influencing the economic situation of farmers? What impact did they have on this situation and what were the economic conditions of farmers in this period? To investigate such questions, several effective factors in this regard, such as the issue of private ownership of farmers, the operation of the sharecropping system in the relationship between owner and farmer, and the quantity and quality of the tax regime, were studied. Examining the impact of these factors shows that firstly, ordinary farmers could not own land themselves to benefit more from their production. Furthermore, even in the best conditions in the sharecropping system, they could not obtain even half of the product. Such a difficult situation, along with the pressure of various taxes and levies, led to the increasing poverty of farmers until the end of the Safavid period.
خلاصه ماشینی:
For a more precise examination, these factors can be divided into three categories of issues and studied: 1) The issue of farmers' ownership; because private ownership and maximum exploitation of production by farmers were among the most basic factors in improving their living conditions; 2) How the sharecropping system worked in the relationship between landowners and farmers; as a large part of the farmer class participated in such a system, its quantitative and qualitative changes had a direct impact on the economic conditions of farmers; 3) The issue of imposing taxes and corvée labor; the abundance of taxes imposed on farmers and villagers during this period, and their quantity and quality also led to direct changes in their livelihood and welfare conditions.
Another example of these studies are two articles from the collection of articles Lambton (A Survey of Persian History after Islam), which examine the evolution of khassa lands (khalasa) and the evolution of taxation in Iran after Islam, and also mention the lands and taxes of the Safavid period.
For example, most of what is found in travelogues and European references, such as Chardin, Kampfer, Du Mans, Olearius, and Sanson, regarding the various economic and social aspects of the farmer and rural class, relates to the living conditions of farmers and villagers who lived near large cities, especially during the peak of the establishment of the khassa lands, because they were more exposed to the gaze of travelers and travelogue writers.
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