چکیده:
In Middle Persian, like many other languages, one of the aspects of the medial verb is that it has been used in both present and past tenses, but in existing texts, evidence of only some of its forms is available. The past medial is less common in Middle Persian than the present medial and apparently limited to certain verbs constructed from the past stem of the verb and the auxiliary verb hād. However, another form of medial verbs has also been used in existing texts, which was constructed from the past stem and the present tense of the verb būdan, and is not mentioned in grammar books. This construction has continued in New Persian (or Dari Persian) and its origin can also be traced to the compound verb constructions of ancient Iranian languages (namely Avestan and Old Persian).
خلاصه ماشینی:
136) Article Received: 03/01/95; Article Accepted: 95/06/20 Abstract In Middle Persian, like many other languages, one of the moods of the optative verb has been used in both present and past tenses, but in existing texts, evidence is available only for some of its forms.
In the Avestan language, where evidence is naturally more abundant than in Old Persian, the optative mood especially indicates probability, possibility, condition, intention, desire, command and prohibition (along with prohibitive particles), and recommendation (the original meaning of recommendation from which the meaning of command, including both present and absent forms, is derived) and the expression of future tense, but its use is to some extent dependent on whether it is used in a subordinate clause or in a main clause, whether declarative or interrogative (for details, see ,Kellens .
( Skjærvø, 2009b: 235) “Whoever (the seed) of salvation has been killed within him…” What has been written in books or articles about the past optative in Western Middle Iranian – as far as the author has searched – is basically not more than this: Zalman (1895-1901 ,Salemann), Henning (1933 ,Henning), Rastarguyeva (1347), Brunner (1977 ,Brunner), Amoozgar and Tafazzoli (1375), Abolqasemi (1375), Zunderman (1382: 208-209; 240-243), Skjærvø (a2009 ,b2009 ,Skjærvø) have only mentioned this construction regarding the verb 1.
(3) However, there is another past optative construction in the Zend texts, meaning the translations of the Avesta into Pahlavi, and non-Zend texts, which was formed with the auxiliary verb budan and has apparently remained hidden from researchers due to its great similarity to the passive voice.
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