International relations of Islam during the Ottoman Empire مقاله

خلاصه ماشینی:

The existence of independent regions within Islamic empires and Islam's inability to bring all of humanity under its own political and legal system led to Islam accepting the division of power and Islamic governance within the Islamic sphere, and also recognizing the existence of non-Muslim countries, basing its behavior on the principle of "peaceful coexistence" with non-Muslim states3. Accepting and acknowledging the existence of non-Islamic countries on the international stage and establishing political relations with them based on the principle of peaceful coexistence, which Khadduri calls the “fundamental revolution” in the Islamic political and legal system, was realized in the treaty concluded between Francis I of France and the Ottoman government of Suleiman I in 5351 AH (1535 AD)2. The existence of such a treaty was evidence of accepting another means besides holy jihad in achieving foreign and political interests in Islam, and after that, the Ottoman governments concluded many treaties -------------- (1)- Refer to Khadduri's article in the book Proctor, page 43 (2)- The aforementioned article, page 53-43 concluded treaties with France, Austria, England, Germany and Russia, and the conclusion of treaties, unlike before, was considered a major diplomatic means in the political and foreign relations of Muslim countries with non-Muslims. In the twentieth century, however, especially after the dissolution of the last Islamic empire, namely the fall of the Ottoman government, the regions of the Middle East gradually accepted the political and legal systems of the West, and the state and law lost their religious and heavenly aspect, and the principle of territorial integrity and independence of countries and the national nature of the governmental and political system were accepted.