چکیده:
The crisis of modern man and its emergence in modern art is one of the themes that the Spanish philosopher, José Ortega y Gasset has addressed. He believes that crisis is unique to mankind, and human being manifests it in different aspects of his life. One of the critical aspects of human life is art. The dehumanization of modern art, distancing from traditional aesthetic aspects, emancipation from objective reality, and shifting towards abstraction and new concerns, have altered the art. Dynamism and the features of modern art are characteristics of the modern world where the speed of change and transformation of the phenomena caused instability of existing values, so that the history of art throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was accumulated by various manifestos and isms. Such acceleration and fundamental changes can make any situation unstable and subject to crisis. From the standpoint of Ortega, an artist in such critical and unstable conditions shifts to another style, and this would appear through his action, i.e. the artwork. This appearance alters the boundaries of the definition of art. In other words, this process of changing begins in the artist's view, influences his artwork, and thus changes the meaning of art.
خلاصه ماشینی:
From Ortega's perspective, the artist is in such an unstable and crisis-ridden situation that they move towards another style, and this matter manifests in the result of their action, namely the work of art, and this manifestation transforms the boundaries of the definition of art.
On one hand, the beginning of a new era can be seen as the reaction of artists and writers to several issues, including the trend of industrialization, war, technological transformation, and new philosophical ideas; and on the other hand, the emergence of thinkers such as Darwin,1 Marx,2 Nietzsche,3 Freud,4 Saussure,5 and Einstein,6 who transformed and reinterpreted the West and changed the established conceptions regarding society, nature, and the individual that people had been accustomed to for years.
" Ortega and some of his commentators identify certain characteristics for modern art, among which some play a more influential role; characteristics whose emergence has caused the history of art theories and the human view of the world in this field, and even in daily life, to undergo change and crisis.
In 1 this regard, Ortega identifies the best examples of new art in these artists: "Debussy, the creator of the Impressionist style in music, who set aside personal (human) emotions; Mallarmé 2 in poetry, who relies on metaphor and expands his distance from reality; and Marcel Proust 3, who with the novel In Search of Lost Time goes beyond reality 4 and relies on memory.
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