چکیده:
At first glance، most people unconsciously associate the name of India، with such issues like superstition، idolatry، certain various ceremonies and ascetics and so on. However، there have been many scholars throughout the checkered history of this land، who have thought about rational، philosophical، theological and mystical issues and started different schools of thought. Generally speaking، the scholars of ancient India who were contemporary with Greek thinkers developed theological and philosophical thoughts too، and some advanced interesting theories in this regard. These schools of thought are based on four-fold pivots. Some are based on accepting the probative validity and authority of Vedas and some on rejecting them. Some philosophical thoughts and ideas in India are based on the Holy Scriptures and in general the purpose of these schools is religion-oriented. This paper examines the three Nâstika schools.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Also, in response to the question of whether liberation from suffering is an existential state or means the end of the human being, extinction, and non-existence, the answers of different schools vary.
Of course, in subsequent centuries within this school, individuals such as Vatsyayana emerged and distanced themselves from extreme materialistic thoughts, to the extent that they were considered purified and noble hedonists who also believed in virtue and the right path, and accepted God and life after death.
Another criticism relates to the denial of the existence of God. If we do not believe in an eternal, self-subsisting, and necessary existence for the universe and consider the world to be limited to material matters, then given the contingency of everything other than God, the existence of the universe would have been impossible; because it has been established that contingent beings cannot be the cause of existence, as they are the essence of poverty, dependency, and need (see: Oboudiyat and Mesbah, 2012, Chapter Seven).
Criticism and Review The Jaina school, while accepting the existence of the soul and believing in reason and rational argumentation as sources of knowledge, thereby gaining precedence over the Charvaka school, is nonetheless a subject of reflection in various aspects.
7. Three main schools or sects in Buddhism were formed after the death of Buddha, which in historical order are as follows: "Hinayana school", which believes that the goal of Nirvana is the liberation of the human being from suffering and pain (Radhakrishnan, 1988, Vol. 1, p.
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