چکیده:
Sunnism for six centuries was the official religion and majority in Khorasan. . During the fifth to mid-seventeenth century AH, some factors undermined the religion. Identifying and analyzing these factors is the subject of this paper's review, which is devoted to using historical, religious, religious and literary sources, literary and geographic literature. The most important challenge for sunnism was the growth and spread of Shiism, a separate and independent category for discussion and research, and this article deals with the rest of the causes. Factors within the Sunni religion have degraded it and, on the other hand, some external factors have also been effective in challenging and weakening Sunnan. These factors occurred mostly in the second half of the fifth century, the sixth and seventh centuries. Sectarianism, Sunni conflicts with Shi'a, and emigration of ulama, are internal factors, and external factors, such as state affiliation, Gozan attack and Mongol invasion. Of course, the Mongol invasion accelerated the decline of Sunnis in Khorasan.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In the early centuries, it was mostly in the form of mild religious competitions, and violence and intense conflicts were very rare, and these competitions, due to the efforts of rivals in seeking superiority over each other would lead to growth and cultural and scientific prosperity, but in the period under consideration, these differences led to enmities and, instead of taking the form of debates and dialectical discussions among scholars, they resulted in group conflicts, factionalism, clashes, and war.
Sometimes two opposing sects would unite against another religious group, such as the union of Shafi'is and Hanafis in Herat against the Hanbalis (Baghdadi Damashqi, 1376/1997: 54-56) and the union of these two groups in Nishapur against the Karramiyya in the year 488 AH, which led to intense war and conflict, even seeking help from Bayhaq; according to source reports, a large number of people were killed and great losses and damages were inflicted on the people of this city.
(Ibn Abi al-Wafa, 1993/1413, Vol. 3: 206-207) In total, intense religious disputes and fanaticism were an important factor that weakened the Sunni school from within.
(Ibn al-Jawzi, 1995/1415, Vol. 10: 87) Also, Sa'id bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman Abu al-Ala, the judge of Nishapur and one of the elders of the Hanafi school, was killed in the year 502 AH by one of the Ismaili fedayeen.
The Seljuks' efforts to support the Hanafi school and to give it official status and superiority disrupted the balance between the Sunni sects and brought intense sectarian animosities to a peak, causing continuous conflicts, especially between the Hanafi and Shafi'i groups (Madelung, 1377: 61), which itself was one of the factors in the weakness of Sunnism and was discussed earlier.
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