چکیده:
Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to find the interaction between wisdom and religion based on the causality proven in the philosophy of Ibn Sina and Malebranche. These two philosophers, with a God-oriented view, sought for presenting a causality under which a divinity compatible with religion has been proven, illustrating a rational picture of the world that is compatible with religious principles. At the apex of Ibn Sina’s world, it is God who is the cause of the causes, and at the length, there are the second causes that play roles in a chain of causes and effects. Malebranche reduced the causal relations to a kind of sequence of phenomena. Occasionalism is a unipolar causality, on one side of which, there exists the omnipotent God as the real cause, and on the other side, there is an inanimate and ineffective matter. Malebranche attributed all the effects and impressions of the world to God. Malebranche’s God-oriented perspective and his direct attribution of man’s volitional action to God made him oriented toward determinism, opening the way for extreme empiricists such as Hume. Conversely, under the proof of abstracts, active intellect, and the Ten Intellects (longitudinal order), Ibn Sina recognized the free will of man and considered man’s will to be effective.
خلاصه ماشینی:
2-1- The Relationship between Reason and Religion Longitudinal causality and the ten intellects are philosophical issues upon which Avicenna proves the primary principles of religion, such as the existence of God, monotheism, prophethood, and revelation, through the Rule of One. The ten emanationist intellects begin with the First Intellect.
Therefore, with a God-centered view, Avicenna's effort to prove his philosophical God is in harmony with the God defined in religion; a God with absolute power and a superior and transcendent existence at the head of the cosmic system, a God to whom all actions and reactions of the world ultimately return, and the management of the affairs of the world is with Him, and this effort can be considered an example of demonstrating the interaction between reason and religion in Avicennian philosophy.
Based on the acceptance of the duality of will over action, Malebranche considers human will to be of an instrumental type alongside the will of God. In epistemology as well, the dominance of a theocentric view compels Malebranche to place the foundation of thought in knowledge upon God. Influenced by Aristotelian philosophy, Malebranche considers sensation to be the starting point of cognition, but subsequently attributes mental representations to the moment-by-moment management of God, considering Him the direct and unmediated creator of these representations (Malebranche, 1980: 231).
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