The Organization of the Muslim Navy in the Mediterranean until the end of the sixth Hijri century مقاله

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Keywords: Muslim naval force, Dar al-Sina'a, Diwan al-Ama'ir, naval fleet, Mediterranean Sea Introduction After the conquest of Levant in the second decade of the Hijri era, upon observing Roman ships on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the second Caliph, in response to the analysis of the poor state of fortifications in the coastal cities of Levant and Egypt, and to counter Roman attacks from the sea, only ordered the repair and deployment of more warriors, the stationing of guards, and the lighting of fires in these towers and forts; however, he did not permit warfare at sea. 3 The fleet that was prepared and equipped in Fustat (Egypt) was also considered one of the most important Muslim naval bases during the Fatimid and Ayyubid periods, from which they were dispatched to fight 4 the Crusaders. This fleet was initially used by Musa ibn Nusayr in the early nineties AH, first attacking Sicily 2, and then, from the Maghreb and through the naval force stationed in Ceuta, Al-Andalus came under Muslim control. From the first to the sixth century AH, based on the level of importance they assigned to maritime military operations, Islamic states established organizations for the administration and command of naval fleets, the needs of forces and ships, and the training and salaries of their personnel, in addition to establishing many ribats, ports, anchorages, and industrial centers (Dar al-Sina'a) along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Bibliography Ibrahim Hassan, Hassan, Tarikh al-Islam al-Siyasi wa al-Dini wa al-Thaqafi wa al-Ijtima'i, Dar al-Jamil Beirut, Maktabat al-Nahda al-Misriyya, Cairo, 1996 AD.