چکیده:
Treatment of prisoners has been one of the issues of interest to religions and sects, and different nations have also paid great attention to prisoners. The Hamdanid state, due to its rule over border territories and numerous conflicts and wars, had clashes with rival Muslim states. Sayf al-Dawla, Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Hamdan, the ruler of the city of Aleppo in the first half of the fourth century AH, had many conflicts with the Romans. His wars with Byzantium naturally resulted in the capture of forces from both sides of the war and people living in the territories of each. In these battles, in addition to soldiers, military commanders, and ordinary people, prominent and notable individuals from both sides were also captured. On one hand, the Hamdanid state was known as a Shia state, and the Christian Roman state also primarily fought against Muslims with prejudice and religious motivation to reclaim their holy lands from the Muslims. Consequently, religious motivation existed in both states. This writing aims to provide a descriptive and analytical study of the nature of the prisoners, how each side of the conflict treated them, and the fate of these prisoners.
خلاصه ماشینی:
2 During the time of Mansur al-Abbasi, the Emperor of Rome expressed a desire to release his Muslim captives, whose numbers reached thousands, in exchange for ransom; however, Mansur initially refused this action, but after the letter of Imam Awza'i to Mansur, he finally agreed to this.
1 In the year 330 AH, Thumali or Shamli, the governor of Tarsus on behalf of Sayf al-Dawla, entered Rome, killed a number of Romans, and took some as captives.
In the year 339 AH, Sayf al-Dawla attacked Rome, conquered several fortresses, obtained great spoils, and took many captives; however, the Romans blocked him at the narrow passes, cutting off his path both ahead and behind.
Ibn Nadim writes: In the year 348, when Leon Demostikos attacked the regions of Tarsus, Haruniyah, and Diyar Bakr, killing, capturing, and seizing Muslims as spoils, Sayf al-Dawla became ready to confront him, but Demostikos marched toward Syria via another route and conquered several gates of the Syrian fortresses.
According to al-Maqrizi, most exchanges of captives between Muslims and Romans from the time of Mansur al-Abbasi until the era of Sayf al-Dawla took place in this same location.
3 Finally, in the year 355 AH, before the death of Sayf al-Dawla, the exchange took place, and Abu Firas al-Harith ibn Sa'id, Abu al-Fawaris Muhammad ibn Nasir al-Dawla, and Qadi Abd al-Rahman ibn Qadi Abi al-Husayn, along with a large number of Muslims, were exchanged and released from captivity.
In the year 335, when Nasr Thumali received 2480 captives from the Romans, due to the large number of Muslim prisoners, Sayf al-Dawla paid ransom for 230 of them.
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