چکیده:
Emotional states are among the most important human behaviors which, due to their specific characteristics, influence all of a person's behaviors and decision-making processes. Martha Kriewen Nussbaum is one of the contemporary Western philosophers who has placed the philosophical investigation of emotion on her agenda. She attempts to introduce emotion, which is a human component, as a foundation for ethics in the contemporary Western world, where morality has lost its main foundations. To this end, she establishes the cognitive-evaluative theory of emotions and examines emotions as a human component. This article is responsible for examining how emotions are cognitive. What are the characteristics or features of emotions being cognitive? Does being cognitive mean being conscious or rational? Emotions are neither conscious nor rational; emotions are the result of unconscious activities in human thought. Social norms, physical conditions, metaphysical beliefs, language, and daily habits, alongside emotions, historical perceptions of the individual, and their sensory perceptions, shape values for the individual that lead to the issuance of evaluative judgments.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In response to this question, Nussbaum believes that attention to social structure, the history of emotions, and the role of sensory perceptions help us to properly explain the differences between humans in dealing with single objects.
If we believe that our beliefs about the importance and value of matters play a primary role in our emotions, we will easily see that these beliefs have been shaped by our social norms; in other words, if emotions are evaluative judgments, then the cultural view of a society regarding what is valuable greatly influences them, and since emotions include evaluations, these evaluations reflect social norms.
Thus, just as socio-cultural norms play a determining role in emotional evaluations and consequently in emotional states based on the "social structure" theory, every emotional state carries with it the influence of that person's individual history, and other emotions are latent within it, providing that state with a special content and cognitive clarity.
However, this does not mean that the realization of emotional states is entirely in our control and that we perform emotional evaluation in a completely conscious manner and choose our ends and goals purely rationally and out of discretion; rather, emotional evaluations are often unconsciously derived from the socio-cultural norms of the society in which we live and are influenced by the history of our perceptions and emotions from childhood until now.
Evaluation of Emotions It has become clear that what Nussbaum means by the cognitive nature of emotions is not being conscious, being rational, or human self-sufficiency in realizing them.
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