Abstract - جستارهای اقتصادی مقاله

چکیده:

Cooking uses, in addition to the use of lamps and heating water, which consequently leads to the use of cooling and air conditioning means, including high electricity consumption means, in order to lower the temperature in the hot months of the year (which are about seven months). It can be concluded through comparing the price elasticity of demand and the income elasticity of demand for domestic electricity in Khuzestan province, that the demand for electricity is affected by pricing and wage policies, and the impact of wage policies on it is greater than the impact of pricing policies. To look into time series from the perspective of the stationarity variable, classical hypotheses regarding the models subject to estimation were researched. These models are perfectly identical to the classical hypotheses. The results derived from estimating the model indicate that the long-term price elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand are -0.97 and 1.22, and in the short term they are -0.54 and 0.22. As for gas as a substitute good, it had a negative coefficient in the model; despite its price decrease, it indicates an increase in electricity consumption, which points to the simultaneous consumption of gas and electricity. Perhaps one of the reasons for the increase in electricity consumption is the increase in heat resulting from gas consumption. In the perspective of the Quran and Sunnah, justice is the basis of existence and a manifestation of the Creator's divinity, placing everything in its proper place according to its potential, and a manifestation of the attribute of the Living, the Sustainer, who connects all parts of existence together—the small and the large, the hidden and the apparent—and creates balance between them and brings them to their perfection. Human life lasts and integrates by practicing justice. Justice is creating equilibrium in inclinations, desires, internal feelings, in the behavior and relationships of people with each other, in man's relationship with God, and his relationship with nature. A just person is one whose spiritual and psychological powers are balanced and reach a middle ground such that none of their instincts or powers overcome the others. In the view of many Western thinkers, natural rights are considered the prevailing rules in creation and humanity, and that they exist for human perfection and happiness; they are fixed matters that cannot be changed, and man's duty is to discover them, and based on them, the state and the rights it legislates should be established to achieve balance in social relations. Thus, justice and natural rights should complement the law, or the law should be amended or changed based on them towards the better. Justice is the middle ground in matters, providing equal opportunities to equal individuals, the balance of powers and psychological impulses under the rule of reason, the triumph of reason over anger and lust, and the division of labor based on natural aptitudes. From the perspective of Muslim thinkers, the universe is based on moderation, and everything in it takes its natural position in this structure, receives its real right, and performs its basic function. Justice means realizing aptitudes. Everything can take multiple forms, and justice is giving everything its most complete form, appearing in a more beautiful, robust, and useful manner. The human soul consists of multiple powers, and moderation in these powers is called justice. A soul that attains moderation and balance becomes a scale for justice and can weigh or measure the true value of everything and place everything in its true place. As for social equality or balance, it crystallizes in light of realistic individual and social requirements, the principle of securing realistic requirements, the principle of doing good and charity, and the principle of maximum productivity. Pricing and its policy is an important issue subject to research and study in jurisprudential and narrative texts, and in economics. This research attempts, through the method of studying the relationship between sciences, to study the pricing methods of goods and services adopted by the state within the circles of jurisprudence and economics, and to shed light on this subject from a special horizon. The primary goal aimed at by this article is to prove the impermissibility of government pricing even in cases of monopoly and oligopoly. However, the necessity of completing the research and reaching a more comprehensive knowledge of this subject called for placing the essence of pricing and the importance of prices in the economic system on the research table. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of productive development of all factors—human power, material capital—in developing the industry and minerals sector in the Iranian economy based on the production function throughout the period of the third, fourth, and fifth development plans (1963-1977) before the Islamic Revolution, and the first, second, and third plans for economic, social, and cultural development of the Islamic Republic (1989-2004). The basic data are as follows: A- Sources of development of the industry and minerals sector in the Iranian economy during 1963-1977 according to the available order of material capital, labor, and the productivity of all elements. B- Sources of development of the industry and minerals sector in the Iranian economy during the period 1989-2004 according to the available order of material capital, the productivity of all elements, and labor. C- The rate of productive development of labor, the rate of development of available material capital, the rate of development of all productive elements, and the rate of development of the industry and minerals sector in the Iranian economy during the period 1963-2004, experienced severe fluctuations. The issue of currency devaluation was one of the economic issues in Iran during the past three decades. Based on the need to confront its negative consequences according to jurisprudential and economic evidence, the theory of compensating for currency devaluation through debt indexation in Iran was proposed, and a term was added to Article 1082 of the Law of Obligations, where paying bank profits by calculating the inflation rate of consumer goods and services to compensate for currency devaluation was considered a legal act. This article first attempts to evaluate the theory of compensating for currency devaluation from a jurisprudential and economic perspective using an analytical and applied method, then second, attempts to present the practical problems resulting from applying this theory in the Iranian economy. The hypothesis pursued by this article is that debt indexation is not a suitable method for compensating for currency devaluation. This article deals with explaining a theoretical model to illustrate the behavior of projects related to the manufacturing industry, where basic production factors are converted with the help of secondary production factors and through the use of production technology into the final product. Projects request raw materials from an oligopoly market in the case of selling from the buyer, then offer production in the oligopoly market in the case of buying from the sellers. The marketing profit margin equation for eleven solid sugar production factories in the Tehran Stock Exchange market was estimated, using the method of combining cross-sectional data and time series data. The result of this article shows that increasing the share of purchasing basic production factors and the share of selling the final product leads to an increase in the marketing profit margin of the commodity, while increasing labor wages and fuel and energy costs leads to its decrease. Additionally, the small degree of agreement between solid sugar factories in the oligopoly market in the case of selling sugar indicates the non-monopolistic behavior of producers.