چکیده:
Following the expansion of Islamist activities in the Middle East region since the beginning of the 1980s, numerous theorizations were developed to describe and explain this phenomenon. The next wave of studies in this field began in the early 1990s, following the transformations experienced by Islamist movements. The goal of analysts of Islamist issues was to understand how and why this phenomenon expanded and subsequently transformed, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa regions. This article attempts to identify these theories and their characteristics, categorizing them based on their type of approach to examining the phenomenon of Islamism. Accordingly, four headings are proposed: 'Intellectual Approach', 'Historical and Sociological Approach', 'Regional-International Approach', and 'Combined Approach'; subsequently, the writings and perspectives of experts in this field have been placed under the first three headings. Although this article is descriptive in nature, it can serve as a basis for recognizing and distinguishing existing theories from one another and their potential relationships with each other.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Of course, from one perspective, Islamism in Arab countries was not a new phenomenon; its roots and background trace back to the years of weakness and then the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (the Caliphate crisis), and even with further exploration and more precise searching in history, we can find other Muslim thinkers who were seeking to shape existing relations based on Sharia; however, the escalation and the manifestation of the effects of Islamist activities from the late 1970s and especially the early 1980s caused the scattered and limited attentions of researchers of regional issues to take on a different form.
Based on existing views, especially within the framework of the first wave of modernization theory, it was expected that following events such as the expansion of urbanization and the increase in the literacy level of the region's inhabitants, we would witness the emergence of "modern" political orientations in these societies; 1 In addition, some assumed that the religion of Islam acts solely in the direction of maintaining the status quo or is at least incapable of mobilizing the masses for transformation.
His study regarding the emergence and expansion of Islamist movements is sociological and attaches greater importance to internal variables (relationships between Islamic intellectuals, urban poor youth, and the traditional middle class, as well as how the government deals with them), but it does not overlook the role of external variables and their impact on the internal transformations of countries, such as oil prices, the victory of the Iranian Revolution, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc; while doing so, he focuses his study on various countries such as Iran, Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, and Bosnia; as a result, Kepel's book has taken on a multidimensional character and draws a relatively comprehensive picture of what he has called the expansion and decline of political Islamism.
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