چکیده:
The Lodi dynasty (855-932 AH/1451-1526 AD) and Sur dynasty (947-963 AH/1540-1556) ruled Delhi and parts of the Indian subcontinent in the 9/10 centuries AH (15/16 centuries AD). India, like other eras, was very religiously diverse during the reigns of these dynasties, and it was not easy for the Afghan sultans to govern it. Moreover, the Muslims of India belonged to various religious groups and sects, and these groups sometimes challenged the authority of the Lodi and Sur rulers. These rulers also had to treat with the Hindus, who constituted the majority of the Hindus, in a way that would not cause them widespread dissatisfaction and revolt. The present paper intends to examine the religious policy of the Lodi and Sur sultans in a descriptive and analytical manner and to answer the question of what policy the Afghan rulers adopted towards the Sunni Muslims, Shiites, Sufis, Mahdavia and Hindus. According to the findings of this study, the policy of the Afghan rulers towards different religious groups was more dependent on the political interests and ethnic interests of the kings and the ruling class than on the religion of these groups. In this way, the supporters of the government benefited from the tolerance of the kings regardless of their religion, however the opponents were persecuted
خلاصه ماشینی:
The authors of the present article intend to examine the religious and sectarian policy of the Lodi and Sur sultans using a descriptive-analytical approach and to answer the question: what policy did the Afghan rulers adopt towards Sunni Muslims, Shiites, Sufis, Mahdavis, and Hindus?
Abstract: Keywords: Religious and sectarian policy, Afghans of India, Lodis, Suris 1 Associate Professor, Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, University of Tehran (Corresponding Author) mmassumi@ut.
The present paper intends to examine the religious policy of the Lodi and Sur sultans in a descriptive and analytical manner and to answer the question of what policy the Afghan rulers adopted towards the Sunni Muslims, Shiites, Sufis, Mahdavia and Hindus.
The selection of Daulat Khan Lodi as the successor to Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah by the elders of the Tughlaq state in 816 AH shows that at this time, a part of the Muslim community in India was ready to accept the Afghan takeover of the Delhi sultanate.
The narration of legendary stories, such as Bahlul Lodi buying the Delhi sultanate from a Sayyid Dervish (Abdullah, 1954: 3-4) and Sher Shah Suri being addressed with the title King of India by a Sufi possessing miracles before reaching the throne (Lali Badakhshi, 1376: 1184) in the sources related to this period, shows that Sufi masters enjoyed great prestige and popularity among the Afghans.
This religious movement turned into a major challenge for the government during the time of Islam Shah Suri; because due to the missionary activities of Sheikh Abdullah Niazi and Sheikh Ala'i, many soldiers, political elites, scholars, and ordinary people joined this group.
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