چکیده:
Until the first half of the second century AD، most geographers who mention the word Experts comprised of historical and geographical paying devotion and virtues.expansion of Islamic territory، and with other nations of the "Geography of virtue " to the "Geographic description " led to the Mongol invasion. In the literature to describe the geography addressed، issues such as Msalk، ways leading to the house of God was to determine the direction of Mecca، was the natural geography and climate. fear of the Mongols، geography and natural description of the "human historical geography and " To lead. Most authors of these books were Majrajvyany، who had struggled in the race، anthropology، and religious traditions to explore the Mongolian people، especially Europeans، to find the answer for troubled minds. So the most important geographic resources to travel the course of Western to hospice situation، the Sufis and dervishes and economic situation of people in this special place writings and in this respect the Muslim geographers of the virtue of the geography of the natural geography (description) and the historical geography - the humane movement.
خلاصه ماشینی:
com Introduction Regarding the process of Muslim geographical writing, especially during the first to fifth centuries AH, many studies have been conducted, an example of which is "The Geography of the Lands of the Eastern Caliphate" by Lesterring; this work provides a description of the historical geography of the regions of Iran based on early geographical books.
Thus, attention to physical geography and the determination and identification of routes was the most important characteristic of Muslim geographical compositions, which added to the scientific richness of geographical works until before the Mongol invasion.
Muslim geographical works before the Mongol invasion: According to Dampierre, the precursor to Muslims' acquaintance with geography was the translation of Ptolemy's book.
In the interval between the caliphate of Mansur (136-158) and al-Ma'mun al-Abbasi (198-218), a great transformation occurred in the geographical thinking of Muslim scholars; subjects such as the sphericity of the earth and its placement at the center of the universe were accepted, and attention was paid to Quranic verses and hadiths regarding the creation of the world, heaven, and earth, with the aim of being able to religiously validate geographical works so that Muslims would be encouraged to study geography and astronomy (for example, see Ibn Faqih, 1349: 3-7; al-Muqaddasi, 1361-14: 19).
By carefully examining the books of Masalik wa al-Mamalik (Routes and Realms) related to the third and fourth centuries AH, it can be observed that before the Mongol invasion, geography was mostly a descriptive-applied science, and its purpose was to identify religious routes (Mecca), political (Baghdad), and economic (trade routes).
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