چکیده:
Violence against women، which is in the political and social agenda of the developed countries since 1990s'، is among the important social problems in the West. The increasing forms of violence and discrimination against women and their harmful aftermaths for the Western countries have made these countries to seriously encounter this problem. Enactment of international conventions and strategies and codification and enforcement of internal laws are all in line with encountering the phenomenon. The recently published statistic researches concerning violence against women in France and the United States of America، presented in this paper، show that violence against women is increasing day by day in spite of all the attempts made to encounter the problem.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Violence against women during a woman's lifetime is divided into six stages, and in each stage, specific types of violence against women are exercised: A) Pre-childbirth stage: Sex-selective abortion<FootNote No="740" Text="- Sex-selective abortion"/> (China, India, Republic Korea); beating during pregnancy (its physical and psychological consequences for the woman and the fetus after birth) and coercive and forced pregnancy (such as mass sexual rape against women in war); B) Infancy: female infanticide; emotional and physical mistreatment; discriminatory access to food and medical care for female infants; C) Childhood: child marriage of girls; genital mutilation<FootNote No="741" Text="- Genital mutilaion"/>; sexual violence by family members and strangers; discriminatory access to food and medical care, and child prostitution; D) Adolescence: defloration<FootNote No="742" Text="- Dating"/>; courtship violence<FootNote No="743" Text="- courtship"/> (acid attacks in Bangladesh, rape in the United States); prostitution resulting from economic necessity (female students in Africa are forced to pursue relationships and friendships with elderly wealthy men to pay school tuition); sexual abuse in the workplace; rape; sexual harassment; forced prostitution and women trafficking; E) Reproductive period: abuse of women and mistreatment of them by male spouses and their boyfriends; marital rape; abuse of a girl's dowry (the bad custom of dowry); related conflicts and murders; murder of women by their life partners; psychological violence; sexual violence in the workplace; sexual harassment; rape and abuse of women with disabilities; F) Old age stage: mistreatment of widowed women, exploitation of them, and violence against adult women.
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