چکیده:
The Safavid era, which is considered one of the most important periods in the history of Islamic Iran, enjoys an excellent position due to several reasons; including its temporal symmetry with the growth of international trade relations and interaction with the East India Companies of Europe. During this era (11th century AH/17th century AD), the Persian Gulf played a major role in Iran's trade relations with European countries, and powerful European states such as England, Holland, and France attempted to establish trading houses in the ports of the Persian Gulf to monopolize Eastern trade. The major problem that the companies faced was the shortage of liquidity or cash for foreign investment, and since they were unwilling to lose the markets of the Orient, they had to find a solution to this problem. Their representatives also strove to organize their trade in Asia in accordance with the demands of the European market and their own requirements; therefore, the companies endeavored to participate in the local trade of spices from the East Indies or textiles, metals, medicines, and food items from India. To this end, they established regular communication lines between the ports of Iran and India and, in fierce competition with each other, engaged in the transportation of passengers and goods of Iranian merchants. This research seeks to answer the question of what impacts the trading methods of the East India Companies had on maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the Safavid era. The hypothesis of the writing indicates that the trading method of the East India Companies had a clear impact on the prosperity and commercial progress of the ports of the Persian Gulf during the Safavid era.
خلاصه ماشینی:
A chronicle of thecarmelites in Persia and the papal mission of the XVIIth and XVIIIth Establishment of Commercial Representative Offices The council of the English company in Surat, in the year 1023 AH / 1614 AD, dispatched representatives to Iran to obtain useful commercial information and to receive a decree from Shah Abbas I regarding the freedom of this company's ships in the Persian Gulf and Iranian ports.
6 Since Bandar Abbas was considered the main hub of Iran's commercial exchanges between India and Europe, and was the station for ships and the site for the export and import of companies' goods, and also due to the presence of various domestic and foreign merchants there, which made it necessary to establish communication with it for better supervision of domestic markets, the companies established their main representatives on the coast of the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas) and various branches of representatives in the cities of Shiraz, Kerman, and Isfahan, which, when necessary, received their orders from the Council of Bandar Abbas.
However, in 1059 AH / 1649 AD, the dispute between Iran and India over the possession of Kandahar, which led to the closure of Afghanistan's land routes by Shah Jahan—the Mughal Emperor of India—caused a boom in shipping between the western Indian ports and Iran1 and increased the volume of maritime trade; so much so that according to reports from English company agents, the amount of goods entering Bandar Abbas was four times higher.
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