چکیده:
Fundamental methodology, by revealing the epistemic and non-epistemic contexts of a theory, provides us with a deep understanding of that theory. In this article, we seek fundamental methodology and a critical examination of the thought of one of the important postmodern thinkers, namely Jean Baudrillard. A critical encounter with thinkers who have attempted to think about the modern world and its issues both deepens our understanding of the West and leads to self-awareness regarding the current situation of countries facing modern ideas. Baudrillard's main issue is reality in the modern world and the fact that this reality is no longer authentic and true reality. Now, hyperreality and simulation have dominated human life and are leading it. From Baudrillard's perspective, the modern world in its course has forgotten authentic reality and settled for something else that can be called human-constructed reality. Since we first describe the thought and then analyze it, the method of this research is analytical-descriptive.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Baudrillard did not see the necessary capacities for explaining the postmodern society in Marxism; thus, in his subsequent books such as 'Towards a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign' and finally in 'The Mirror of Production,' he critiqued Marxism and, with reference to its shortcomings in explaining the new situation of modern society, moved beyond it: «Although Marx paid attention to both the production of goods and the consumption of goods as the most important characteristic of the capitalist system, Baudrillard believed that with this critique, one could not attack the foundations of capitalism; therefore, by addressing the semiotic aspects of commodity consumption, he showed that in addition to exchange value, the commodity possesses 'Sign Value'; meaning that the consumption of a commodity has a social and cultural connotation, and the commodity bestows meaning upon the subject.
In the following, we will discuss the course of Baudrillard's thoughts based on the historical order of his works to show the evolution of his ideas, his coherent theory regarding sign and simulacrum, and his analysis of Western modern and postmodern history and society.
From Baudrillard's perspective, this sense of freedom is an illusion; because meaning, the value level of the commodity, and the guidance toward the consumption of these objects are under the influence of the structures of modern society; for example, the fashion industry, which today has even dominated the book market.
1. In the foundations section, we said that Baudrillard examines reality in the modern and postmodern world as simulation and sign, and believes in three different levels of simulation.
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