چکیده:
Effective implementation of public policies is considered one of the pivotal challenges of governance systems in the contemporary world, especially in developing countries such as Iran. This research is designed with the aim of identifying, explaining, and comprehensively analyzing the obstacles and problems of implementing public policy in Iran. The research method is qualitative and descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through the review of documents, valid scientific sources, and previous studies. The findings show that the obstacles to implementing public policy in Iran manifest in six main areas: structural, managerial and organizational, legal and regulatory, human and behavioral, economic and financial, and political and governance. In the structural area, bureaucratic complexity, centralization, overlapping duties, and lack of coordination between agencies are among the most important obstacles. In the managerial area, weakness in management skills, cultural resistance to change, the absence of an implementation-supporting organizational culture, and internal communication problems reduce implementation efficiency. Legal obstacles include conflict of laws, lack of transparency, instability, and legal loopholes, which create a space of ambiguity and instability. In the human area, the shortage of specialized manpower, weakness in motivation, opportunistic behaviors, and the gap between implementers and stakeholders pose problems for effective implementation. From an economic perspective, resource constraints, improper budget allocation, financial corruption, and hidden costs are key factors of inefficiency. Finally, in the political area, political instability, non-technical interventions, conflicts of interest among influential groups, and the lack of sustained political will have prevented the sustainable and fair implementation of policies. Accordingly, suggestions have been provided, including reforming institutional structures, developing managerial competencies, reviewing the legislative system, investing in human resources, reforming the budgeting system, creating policy stability, smart utilization of technology, and strengthening social capital. By emphasizing the necessity of a multidimensional and systematic approach, this research shows that without simultaneous attention to these dimensions, any effort to improve policy implementation will only be able to create superficial and temporary change.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Introduction As one of the main pillars of modern governance, public policy is a multi-stage and complex process whose goal is to respond to the needs of society, solve socio-economic issues, and achieve justice in the distribution of resources and opportunities; however, despite the extensive efforts of governments in designing comprehensive and efficient policies, one of the greatest challenges of political-administrative systems, especially in developing countries, is the deep gap between policymaking and its effective implementation.
This set of challenges, which has taken shape in the form of a complex interaction between structural, managerial, resource-based, political, cultural, and design-oriented factors, has led to the implementation of public policymaking in Iran and many developing countries to emerge as one of the most important governance concerns and the need for comprehensive, multidimensional, and evidence-based analyses to be felt more than ever to deeply understand these obstacles and provide effective solutions.
In this framework, structural factors (such as institutional weakness and centralization), managerial factors (such as lack of inter-sectoral coordination), resource constraints (shortage of budget, human resources, and technology), and dynamics of political (such as stakeholder resistance and political instability), socio-cultural contexts (including resistance to change and reduced civic participation), and policy design characteristics (such as the mismatch between goals and instruments) are considered as independent variables that affect the efficiency of public policy implementation as a dependent variable.
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