چکیده:
Is the word the essence or is it the meaning, and in a new interpretation, is 'how to say' the creator of art or 'what to say'? This is a question that has been raised among scholars of rhetoric since ancient times. Al-Jahiz considered meaning to be something everyone can know and maintained that the essence is the word, meaning that the manner of speaking makes speech an art. In this article, we examine the poems and writings of Saadi from this perspective and demonstrate that Saadi is the master of 'how to say.' By returning to the simple language of Rudaki and Ferdowsi and, in his own words, by blending with the 'nectar of elegance,' he creates a language refined of rhetorical devices that are inherently artistic; a perfected language that is the 'standard language' and remains our language. After Saadi, until a not so distant time when it faced attacks from those opposing Persian culture and literature, the language of schools throughout Iran was cultured.
خلاصه ماشینی:
For example, in the artistic language of Nizami, which is a metaphorical language, the sunrise is described as follows (Nizami, 1378a: 77): سپیدهدم چو دم برزد سپیدی, سیاهی خواند حرف ناامیدی هزاران نرگس از چرخ جهانگرد, فرو شد تا برآمد یک گل زرد And Hafez, the master of debauchery, seeking the kiss and embrace of the beloved, requests his desire in this manner through the beauty of seeking (Hafez, 1369: 230, Ghazal 335, verse 7): همچو چنگ ار به کناری ندهی کام دلم, از لب خویش چو نییک نفسی بنوازم B) Refined language, meaning a clear, simple, and explicit language in which rhetorical devices do not play a leading role, and if a device is present, it is not such that it engages the reader or makes artistic pleasure the result of understanding the skillful application of the devices present in the speech.
For this reason, I have expressed these meanings with emphasis and relative detail to say, first, that the refined language of Rudaki and Ferdowsi was noted throughout time, and great poets including Anvari and Zahir Faryabi paid attention to it and followed it in their own way; second, Saadi also paid attention to it; a special attention!
There is no shortage of poetic sentences with profound meanings, organized with refined artistic language, throughout Golestan: First, expressions from the eighth chapter: -- "Speak between two enemies in such a way that if they become friends, you will not be ashamed" (ibid: 274).
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