چکیده:
AbstractIn tyrannical societies and authoritarian governments, Iham is the best way to express social pains and a channel for protesting and, of course, cautious; This means that the inappropriate social conditions and the suffocating atmosphere of the lands lead the artist to conceal and express his beliefs in the envelope of Iham's literary array; It is an indirect and effective statement that raises the awareness of the audience, and in a way, it can be considered a way of the writer's or poet's pen struggle against the rulers and the deceptive and hypocritical people. In the 7th and 8th centuries of Hijri, which is one of the darkest periods in Iran's history, our land, Iran, fell under the rule of the Mongols. The tyranny of the rulers during these two centuries resulted in heavy social suffocation; As it has been very influential on Persian poetry and especially the form of ghazal, it has caused the introversion of Iraqi style poets. In the present study, which examines the literary industry of Iham and its relationship with critical issues in Hafez's sonnets, data has been collected through document analysis and described in a qualitative manner. The result of this research shows that the use of Iham to criticize the performance of oppressive kings and hypocritical Sufis and ascetics in the court of Khwaja is a characteristic of the poet's style. And among the types of idioms, the frequency of proportional idioms and single idioms is more than other types.
خلاصه ماشینی:
An Analysis of Hafez's Ambiguous Ghazals in Addressing Critical Issues Mohammad Pouryavar Choobar 1 , Ahmadreza Nazari Chorude 2 , Masoumeh Nazari Chorude 3 Abstract In despotic societies and authoritarian regimes, ambiguity (Iham) is the best method for expressing social pains and serves as a channel for protestatory and, of course, cautious cries; meaning that unsuitable social conditions and the suffocating atmosphere of lands drive the artist toward veiled speech and expressing beliefs within the cloak of the literary device of ambiguity: an indirect and impactful expression that seeks to raise the awareness of the audience, and in a sense, can be considered the writer's or poet's pen-based struggle against unjust rulers and hypocritical, deceptive people.
Amir Muzaffar, closed the doors of the taverns and sat on the throne of kingship by using religion and faith as a pretext, while he himself drank hypocritically and was constantly intoxicated; it is for this reason that the Khajeh, time and again, has considered drunkenness and wine-drinking to be superior to deceit and hypocrisy: عمرتان باد و مراد ای ساقیان بزم جم گرچه جام ما نشد پُرمی به دوران شما (Hafez, 1368: 102) The ambiguous word in this verse is "doran," which suggests two meanings: 1.
The frequency of the literary device of Iham and its various types in the ghazals of Khwaja Shirazi is high; however, the number of verses in which an ambiguous word is related to the "social and political" critical discourses of the time is only 65 cases.
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