چکیده:
Abstract The Moment of Honesty, written by Naval Sa'davi, one of the prominent Arab writers, and To Whom Should I Say Hello?, written by Simin Daneshvar, one of the great contemporary Persian writers, have employed narrative techniques to their aim. They have paid much attention to the element of time which makes the analysis of their work plausible through the recent theories of time, in particularly Gerard Genette's. Genette distinguishes the calendar time from the narrative time. In his theory of narrative time, he categorizes time to three aspects of order, continuity, and frequency. In this study, first, it is aimed to analyze Genette's theory through an analytic-inductive method. Then, the two stories are analyzed to understand that to what extent they have used the techniques of time in their narrative and how they differ on that. The results show that both female writers have employed the techniques of frequency and continuity. However, anachronism is more significant in Daneshvar's story, bearing more on flashback. Moreover, the extension of time and pauses in the narrative is due to the detail description of events which are not much related to the main events of the story.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani *1 Somayeh Aghababayi 2 (Received: 2019/4/28, Accepted: 2019/5/28) Abstract Nawal El Saadawi, one of the greatest Arabic short story and novel writers, in the collection The Moment of Truth, and Simin Daneshvar, a prominent contemporary Persian writer, in the collection To Whom Shall I Greet?, have used many narrative techniques in line with their storytelling goals.
The results obtained from the research indicate that both female writers have used techniques of time theory, such as frequency and duration, in their stories; however, temporal fragmentation is more prominent in Daneshvar's work, which is mostly of the retrospective type, and the factor that has caused temporal expansion and delay in the narrative for both is the precise and detailed descriptions and addressing matters that are not closely related to the main events of the story.
The application of Genette's time theory in the analysis and criticism of the short story collections of Nawal El Saadawi and Simin Daneshvar is useful and important.
Hamid Lahmidani in the book 'The Foundation of the Narrative Text from the Perspective of Literary Criticism' makes a brief mention of Gerard Genette's theory in the field of narrative time but has performed minimal application and analysis with illustrative examples.
185 It is worth mentioning that so far, no research, whether independent or comparative, has been conducted regarding the application of Gerard Genette's narrative time theory in Nawal El Saadawi's short story collection "Moment of Truth" and Simin Daneshvar's "To Whom I Say Hello".
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