چکیده:
Symbols are part of a culture of a nation and for better understanding of the myths of each nation their concepts should be comprehended. Symbol is a mark, hint, or a word which imparts a message sometimes appropriate to the surface meaning and at times beyond its apparent sense. Animals, plants, people, and objects are true examples in connection with symbols. This research deals with the study of symbolic concepts of lion in epic, lyric, and mystic masterpieces namely Shahnameh, Kamsa of Nezami and Masnavi respectively using the library method and analytic comparative approach. First, the all encompassing view of lion from Avesta and Pahlavi texts are provided next, the symbolic concepts of this majestic creature in the above genres are stated and towards the end of each section the degree of correspondence of symbolic concepts in each work, the frequency of the name of the beast and the percentage of the symbolic concept of lion employed is determined for every work. The result obtained from this study shows that lion is the most employed beast as far as repetition of its name is concerned (1487 times) and second to horse is the most employed beast for the number of symbolic concepts used (19 concepts). Lion’s four symbolic concepts such as bravery, might, predatory, and rage in three works consist 21% correspondence. Six characteristics such as massiveness, agility, being tyrannical, and rancorous, immensity, and faithfulness correspond to 31.5 % in two works and nine features 47.5% is observed in one three works. Also 47.5% of concepts belong to epic domain, 10.5% in lyric domain, and 42.5% concepts fall into mystic domain.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Comparison of the Symbolic Concepts of the Lion in Epic, Lyric, and Mystical Works (Focusing on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Nizami's Khamsa, and Rumi's Masnavi) Hamid Ayaz PhD student in Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
The lion, which in the Zoroastrian religion is a demonic creature in the rank of Khrafastars (Farnabagh Dadagi, 1385: 56), is accompanied by these concepts in the discussed works: 1- Epic concepts 1- 1- Symbol of bravery, boldness, and courage In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, it is stated that following Zal's meeting with Mehrab Kabuli, when Sindokht, Mehrab's wife, asks about Zal's character, temperament, and appearance, Mehrab describes Zal's bravery and power as follows: دل شیـــــر نـــر دارد و زور پیــــل دو دستـش بـه کـردار دریـای نیـل (Ferdowsi, 1385: 1/ 111) In ancient times, people named their children based on their abilities.
In the view of people from ancient times to today, the lion has been the king of animals; for this reason, in the Shahnameh, which expresses the conditions of kings, heroes, and their feats, it becomes a symbol of kings and heroes; also in the works of Nizami, it is a symbol of epic greats and high-ranking characters; and when we reach the Masnavi Ma'navi, since part of the content of this mystical book is spiritual, the lion maintains that same lofty position and high status for itself and becomes a symbol of God and the men of the Sufi path.
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