چکیده:
Developing countries, including Iran, require high and continuous economic growth to achieve economic development. One of the consequences and side effects of this growth is environmental pollution, including air pollution mainly emitted from carbon dioxide emissions—at least in the early stages of growth. The production of goods and services requires the use of natural resources, including energy. This process also entails the discharge of pollutants. In economic literature, the investigation and analysis of this issue has been pursued in the form of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), in which the process of environmental degradation is explained according to the nature and different stages of economic growth. Furthermore, some of the environmental issues of the third world stem from the existence of chronic poverty and other characteristics of their underdevelopment. Therefore, it can be expected that, in addition to economic growth, income inequality and poverty also affect the amount of pollutant emissions. Thus, identifying the factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions is important. In this study, using a panel data econometric approach, the effects of economic growth, urban population, degree of economic openness (the ratio of total exports and imports to GDP), and income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions for the studied Central Asian countries (including Iran) are investigated and tested. The results indicate that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on air pollution in the target countries, and the elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions is an increasing function of the Gini coefficient.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In this study, using a panel data econometric approach, the effect of economic growth, urban population, degree of economic openness (the ratio of the sum of exports and imports to Gross Domestic Product), and income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions for the studied Central Asian countries (including Iran) is investigated and tested.
(1388) studied the relationship between economic growth and the quality of the environment in Iran, examining the effect of factors such as per capita domestic production, the number of passenger cars, the degree of economic openness, the country's population, and (dummy) variables of development programs on the level of per capita carbon dioxide emissions.
3- Introduction and Methodology of Model Estimation In this section, the proposed model to estimate the relationship between economic growth, income inequality, and air pollution based on theoretical foundations and previous studies is defined through equations (1) and (2): (1) such that: 1 : Carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons : Per capita Gross Domestic Product of countries at constant 2000 prices I: Average Gini coefficient : Square of per capita Gross Domestic Product of countries at constant 2000 prices : Urban population : Economic openness index (ratio of total exports and imports to Gross Domestic Product) : random error (including both fixed effects mi and components hit) is expressed as follows: eit =mi +hit The elasticity of carbon emissions with respect to per capita income is obtained using equation (2) as follows: 1- Metric Tons.
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