چکیده:
Examining the linguistic dimensions of proverbs as part of the oral literature of every language and culture has always been, and especially in recent years, a subject of interest for many researchers. This type of study of proverbs in different languages can help provide a more accurate definition of a proverb. However, unfortunately, most studies conducted have been limited to certain languages, and languages such as Turkmen, which are limited to a specific region or ethnic group, have received less attention. Relatively, the Turkmen language belongs to the Turkic branch of languages and the Altaic language group; it is spoken in Iran in Golestan province and the Jergelan region of Khorasan province. Typologically, this language falls into the Subject-Object-Verb category, but based on research conducted in recent years, it has become clear that spoken Turkmen has a relatively free constituent order. In the present article, while examining Turkmen proverbs at the syntactic level, an attempt is made to address the characteristics of proverbial sentences in terms of sentence type, their constituent structures, and also the constituent order in these sentences. On the other hand, proverbial sentences are examined in terms of whether they lack a verb or possess a verb, as well as the type of these verbs and the aspects of the verbs. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical; to this end, approximately one thousand proverbs were selected from written sources of the Turkmen language, and the Turkmen grammar written by Philip Blache was examined. The findings of this study show that in the formation of proverbs, most of the syntactic structures existing in the Turkmen language are used, but the frequency of some structures appears to be higher. For example, in this study, it was observed that the tense of proverbial sentences is present, past, or future, but the use of the present tense has a higher frequency compared to other tenses.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In this research, we examine Turkmen proverbs at the syntactic level to see whether they have limited or unlimited syntactic structures, whether diversity is seen in Turkmen proverbs in terms of tense, aspect, and mood, and how the fact that proverbs express truth is demonstrated in the syntax of the Turkmen language.
, 1989) believes that proverbs express a general truth 6 , and this concept of universality is demonstrated at the syntactic level through the use of the indicative present or by using indefinite pronouns or indeterminate nouns.
Finally, proverbs containing verbal sentences with a subject, which are in the indicative present tense and constitute the largest number, are examined in terms of the arrangement of their constituent constructions.
-- Proverbs containing copular nominal sentences Examination shows that in this type of sentence, the subject is almost always present, and one of the following groups may occupy the predicate position: Subject + Noun Phrase (in one of the cases except the accusative case) aer heleyiɳ urši yaz gunning uagishi Rain possessive suffix Day possessive suffix Spring Quarrel Genitive marker Woman Husband The quarrel of a husband and wife is like spring rain.
It seems that the concept of the universality of proverbs is shown at the syntactic level through the use of such subjects; because, as mentioned in previous parts, the verb of proverbial sentences may be something other than the present tense.
In the examined sample, the highest number relates to proverbs containing verbal sentences with a subject that consist of a single clause, and the verb tense is the indicative present.
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