چکیده:
The Safavid era holds special importance in terms of the formation of the first stages of Persian poetry criticism. During this period, the encounter between Iranian and Indian poets led to the emergence of critical thoughts in the field of poetry and poetics. Most of these thoughts are found in the contents of biographical collections (Tadhkirahs), biographies, and questions and answers recorded in the form of letters. Among the poets of this era, Hazin Lahiji and Siraj al-Din Khan Arzoo have contributed more to the development of those thoughts than other poets and critics. These two are recognized as undisputed authorities in judging and criticizing poetry, and in their critical views and theories—which can be summarized as structural and semantic-centered—the confrontation between Iranian and Indian criticism can be clearly seen. This article demonstrates the first experiences of Persian poetry criticism based on a letter from Hazin Lahiji, which he wrote in response to Khan Arzoo's questions regarding some of Khaqani's poems. In this letter, twenty-five verses from eleven qasidas of Khaqani's poems are criticized and examined. From the essence of the letter, it appears that Arzoo presents his mistakes and objections to him because of Hazin's mastery of the Persian language and poetry; for in Arzoo's view, the poet's perception of poetry is the best type of perception. The origin of Arzoo's questions is mostly based on incorrect readings of poetry, manipulation and corruption of words, differences in the manuscripts of Khaqani's Divan, and finally, lack of attention to relationships, allusions, and references in the creation of expressions and themes by him. Describing the struggle of poets, transcribing and correcting the letter, outlining the process of the formation of poetry criticism, and the critical analysis of the letter based on the views of the two poets are among the most important objectives of this article.
خلاصه ماشینی:
(Lahiji, 1362, 246) 19- In the Divan of Khaqani, the printed edition by the late Ziauddin Sajjadi, this verse appears as follows: Bangar che nakhlaf pesari kaz vojud-e to Dar al-khilafah-ye pedar ast eirman sara (Khaqani, 1368, 15) 20- Citing the words of predecessors is one of the criteria for the authenticity and correctness of poets' words during poetry criticism.
See (Unsuri, 1363, 351, 354) 27- In the Divan of Khaqani, the printed edition by the late Ziauddin Sajjadi, this verse appears as follows: 10- The specifications of the letter in the appendix of the considered manuscript are as follows: Jawab-e Soalat-e Alikhan Arzoo, date of writing 1266 AH, script: Nasta'liq, general number: 29794: 264 - 269.
The consistency and correspondence of the weaknesses and deficiencies of the aforementioned letter in its various manuscripts; including the manuscript used by Mr. Jamshid Soroushyar and the manuscript reviewed by the author - whose photographic copy of Khulasat al-Afkar is held in the British Museum under number 9288 in the library of the Institute of History and Culture of the Faculty of Literature, University of Tabriz - serves as evidence of the incompleteness of the source used by the author of this biographical dictionary; on the other hand, the attached slip of the manuscript of Mosammar Khan Arzoo (= the manuscript of the Astan Quds Razavi) despite being written in the year 1266 AH and perhaps being later than the writing of the Khulasat al-Afkar manuscripts, shows that the scribe had a complete source at hand and has written and transcribed from it.
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