چکیده:
One of the contemporary topics of interest to economists, especially when examining the growth and development of countries, is the issue of gender inequality. The importance of reducing gender inequality has been emphasized not only as one of the most fundamental human rights but also as a factor in reducing poverty, raising living standards, balanced growth, and economic stability. Accordingly, efforts to eliminate gender inequality, in addition to being a moral value, are a necessary policy for achieving economic development goals. Today, it is accepted that no nation will be able to achieve sustainable development if women are deprived of their basic rights in that society. For example, gender inequality in education will neutralize the objectives of policies such as reducing fertility rates, preventing child mortality, and extensive human capital in future generations. In other words, the negative effects of gender inequality extend beyond the mere impact on women in society and cover a wider scope. Therefore, reducing gender discrimination is not only to the benefit of women but also to the benefit of men, children, and the entire society, because as empirical evidence shows, high female participation is one of the main keys to economic development. In this research, the intention is to examine the effect of gender inequality on economic growth and total factor productivity. From this, valid international indicators are introduced as criteria for gender inequality: the Gender Development Index (GDI), the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and the Gender Inequality Index (GI), which have been used in Cobb-Douglas type growth functions, and through this, their effect on economic growth and total factor productivity has been analyzed. Based on the results obtained from the present study, although gender inequality in various economic and social spheres such as education, health, and employment is lower, faster and more effective economic growth will be observed. On the other hand, the effect of reducing gender inequality on total factor productivity has been positive, such that by employing each of the gender inequality indices in the total production function, the productivity variable increased.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Cross-country cross-sectional correlations and growth regressions indicate the effect of reducing gender inequality on economic growth and productivity, and what is clear is that there are many ways for greater gender equality in economic and social fields to affect income, productivity, and the improvement of children's quality, which will lead to better development of an economy.
In line with the goal of this research, which is based on measuring the effect of reducing gender inequality on economic growth in the form of panel data, gender inequality indicators enter the model as influencing variables as follows: (refer to the image on the page) where Gdi is the gender development index, Gem is the gender empowerment index, and Gi is the gender inequality index; therefore, the general form of the function will be as follows (refer to the image on the page) which, in logarithmic and estimable form, becomes as follows: (refer to the image on the page) In this function, yit is the gross domestic product of country i at time t, Ait is the indicator of total factor productivity of country i at time t, Kit is the physical capital of country i at time t, and Lit is the labor force of country i at time t, and hit is the human capital of country i at time t.
Table (3): Estimation of the effect of gender inequality indices on growth (Refer to the page image) Source: Researcher's calculations The coefficient of the GI index was -0.
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