چکیده:
In this article, an attempt is made to address the nature and new form of US defense and security policymaking during the Bush administration by analyzing and evaluating the proactive and preventive US defense policy formed in response to asymmetric threats after September 11. According to the Bush administration, the Cold War deterrence policy was not sufficiently effective in confronting asymmetric threats, and US defense activity and behavior toward peripheral regions and the Middle East has increased under the pretext of fighting emerging threats. Given the above, the dominant view after the September 11 incident on the new space of the international system is the idea of neo-conservatism, which has materialized in the policies of George W. Bush. In the Bush doctrine, the only way to confront international terrorism and weapons of mass destruction is preemptive war against state sponsors of terrorism, regime change, and democratization, of which Iraq and Afghanistan are prominent examples. Following the attack on the World Trade Organization towers on September 11, 2001, the orientation and function of US defense-security policy underwent a fundamental shift from the strategy of deterrence (1945-1990) and strategic ambiguity (1990-2001) to the strategy of preemptive strike and preventive war. This research examines the orientation of United States defense-security policy in confronting asymmetric threats after September 11, 2001, during the Bush presidency.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In the Bush doctrine, the only way to confront international terrorism and weapons of mass destruction is preemptive war to confront terrorist-supporting states, regime change, and democratization, for which Iraq and Afghanistan are prominent examples.
In this regard, the occurrence of the surprise terrorist attacks on September 11 led the United States to seek the formulation and development of new and powerful theoretical and practical foundations in the process of defense and security policymaking to confront asymmetrical threats, and this incident is a turning point in the transformation of America's defense and security policy after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The defense-security strategy of the United States in confronting asymmetrical threats consists of: 1- Preemptive actions; 2- Confronting rogue states (axis of evil); 3- Confronting regional powers; 4- The Bush National Security Doctrine; 5- Revolution in military hardware and software affairs; 6- Preemptive and preventive war; 7- Change in the intelligence community to strengthen and integrate intelligence capability; 8- Strengthening and expanding the missile defense shield for the purpose of deterrence.
Definition of rogue states: They behave savagely toward their own people; they squander their national interests for the personal benefit of the rulers; they pay no attention to international laws; they threaten their neighbors and violate the international treaties to which they are members; they are determined to acquire weapons of mass destruction and other advanced military technologies to use them as a threat; they support terrorism throughout the world, destroy human values, and hate the United States and everything this country symbolizes.
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