چکیده:
The history of the use of prefixed verbs in Iranian languages dates back to the ancient period. In Middle Iranian languages, some Old Iranian verbal prefixes became obsolete, while others lost their semantic and grammatical distinction and remained as partially dead components in the structure of simple verbs. During this period, a new type of verbal prefixes emerged, which were often remnants of Old Iranian prepositions and adverbs. In Dari Persian, most Middle Iranian verbal prefixes have been preserved with minor phonetic developments. In this article, we first take a brief look at verbal prefixes and their types in Old and Middle Iranian; then, by studying the prose texts of the fourth and fifth centuries AH, in addition to extracting the verbal prefixes of this period, we have discussed their history, meanings, and positions, as well as prefixable verbs, double-prefixed verbs, and the extent of the use of each prefix with simple verbs, based on tables, charts, and figures. Based on this research, the diversity of verbal prefixes and prefixed verbs in Persian texts of this period was significantly greater compared to modern Persian, such that simple verbs often had a prefixed form as well.
خلاصه ماشینی:
In the Middle Iranian languages, some of the Old Iranian verbal prefixes became obsolete, while others lost their semantic and grammatical distinctions and remained as partially dead components within the structure of a number of simple verbs.
In this article, we first take a brief look at verbal prefixes and their types in Old and Middle Iranian; then, by studying the prose texts of the fourth and fifth centuries AH, in addition to extracting the verbal prefixes of this period, we have discussed their history, meanings, and positions, as well as prefixable verbs, double-prefixed verbs, and the extent of use of each prefix with simple verbs, based on tables, charts, and figures.
As such, in Middle Persian (Pahlavi) and Parthian, Old Iranian verbal prefixes either became completely obsolete or lost their semantic and grammatical distinction, being preserved partially as dead elements within the structure of a number of simple verbs, either identically or sometimes with phonetic transformations; such as: a in afritan (to praise); (Op:upa-) in apaspartan (to endanger); (h)an Op:ham- in handaxtan (to throw); (Op:fra-)fri in fristatan (to send); (Op:vi-)gu in gumextan (to mix); ni in nipistan (to write); (Op:ava-)o in ozatan (to kill); (Op:pati) in patmextan (to wear clothes); (Op:pari-)par in parvartan (to nurture); vi in vicitan (to choose).
In Dari Persian too, following Middle Persian, many of the ancient Iranian verbal prefixes, as dead components, have remained—either identically or with phonetic changes—within the structure of many simple verbs, having lost their semantic and grammatical features, and have become so closely linked with the verbal stems following them that it is impossible to separate them.
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